Pension Fund SWOT Analysis & Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pension Fund SWOT Analysis & Strategy - Essay Example However, cannot be defined accurately but it can be felt and sensed. Likewise, an organization has its own culture, rules and regulations to follow. Organizations are like societies; therefore, they have their own parameters. If the rules, regulations and parameters are followed strictly and the productivity outcome is excellent, the organization has strong organizational culture. Otherwise, the organizational culture is weak, it is not implemented strongly, or there are weaknesses in set parameters. Significant benefits are obtainable through strong organizational culture. Nonetheless, it is possible when the fundamental of survival structured on ability of an organization regarding changing and acquiring. Thus, strong culture is a liability for an organization (Mobley, Lena and Kate, 128-139). However, strong culture requires SWOT analysis of all the stakeholders of an organization. Five significant external and internal factors There are five significant external factors, which in fluence positively or negatively the environment of an organization. 1. Customers: The customers of an organization are the core external target of an organization. The customers can be pursued through marketing, and attractive corporate knowledge. An organization needs clients to sell its products; therefore, it is necessary to increase clients. Moreover, strong client’s organization attachment is mandatory. 2... In addition, the understanding of economic helps to target new markets. 4. Competition: The target markets and ways of business are attached to competitive environment. The organization can decide to enter in a less competitive market or can chose to enter directly in a full competitive market. The market planning of an organization is a decisive factor for success and failure. Clearly, the planning is devised according to competitors’ moves. 5. The public rating: If an organization, fails to gain public support or falls into a scandal it would lose significant business. Public relation professionals are hired to influence public opinion regarding the reputation of an organization. Similarly, five environmental factors affect the internal environment of an organization. They are following: 1. Organizational resources: factors like management techniques, good will, and reputation of company, decision-making models, procedures, and systems are organizational resources. 2. Techno logy: proprietary knowledge, technological skills, patents, licenses, procedures, computers, IT etc. are technological factors. 3. HRM: hiring and decide the ability of an employee through monitoring, dichotomize sales people, engineers, IT people etc. management and supervision of working environment. 4. Physical resources: buildings, vehicles, inventories, land, equipments and plants are physical resources. 5. Financial capital: the availability of new equity, debt capacity, cash flow in sales and purchase and other related dimensions. If an organization does not have skilled staff, it would exhibit weak leadership of the organization. Poor leaders are unable to recognize talent among workers. Moreover, due to their own weak performance

Nuclear Fusion as Energy Provider Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Fusion as Energy Provider Essay Fission reactions differ from radioactive decay both in the way that the reaction must be started and in the type of products that are formed [1]. Radioactive decay is a passive action, while fission is active. For radioactive decay, the atom is unstable; while the nuclei in the process of fission absorb a neutron, then oscillate to become unstable. Moreover, the product of radioactive decay is only an atom of other element; while the products of fission are 3 neutrons and 2 different elements. Hydrogen and helium are by far the most abundant element, which is 89% and 11% respectively [1]. The process of making the simple elements (like lithium, etc.) is called nucleogenesis. Hydrogen acts as a producer, which is the start of the nucleogenesis. It converts to helium in nuclear fusion. When hydrogen is used up to produce helium, fusion of helium with other elements occurs. Helium nuclei react to form beryllium, carbon, oxygen, neon and magnesium [1]: If helium is used up to produce the elements mentioned above, carbon nuclei combine to produce elements: Although the production of hydrogen and helium is small, it is still possible for the star to produce other elements. There are 2 routes to generate lithium: Route 1 Route 2 The first route shows the simple rule of fusion, while the second route shows the changes of the nucleus by the collision between an atom and an electron. The proton number and the structure of the nucleus are changed when the electron reacts with it. [1] An unstable nucleus may become more stable through radioactive decay. Some heavy nuclei can also become more stable when they split into two smaller parts. This is called nuclear fission. For example, when a uranium-235 nucleus is bombarded by a neutron, it splits into two smaller nuclei. Two or three neutrons and a large amount of energy are released. Energy is released when light nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus. This process is called nuclear fusion. For example, a deuterium nucleus ( H) can fuse with a tritium ( H) nucleus to form a helium-4 nucleus ( He), releasing a neutron and a large amount of energy. The following shows the concept of fusion. For nuclear fission, each fission reaction release 200 million eV (where 1 eV= 1.602?10-19J) [3]. By calculation, 200?106?1.602?10-19 =3.204?10-10 J For nuclear fusion, there are many combinations of fusion, while only 1 type of fusion will be considered, the typical fusion deuterium nucleus ( H) and tritium ( H) nucleus. This shows the fusion reaction of deuterium and tritium. The energy of the helium is 3.5MeV and the energy of the neutron is 14.1MeV, which give the total of 17.6MeV of energy[3]. By calculation, 17.6?106?1.602?10-19 =2.81952?10-12 J The figure below shows a schematic diagram of nuclear power plant. The nuclear fuel used, uranium(U), is contained in fuel rods. There is only 0.7% of naturally occurring uranium is the fissionable U-235, where the rest is U-238. Because of this, the fuel used is first enriched by increasing the proportion of U-235 to about 3%. [2] The neutrons released during fission often travel too fast to trigger further fissions. The fuel rods are surrounded by a moderator, which may be water or graphite. The neutrons are slowed down when they collide with the nuclei in the moderator. The rate of reaction is controlled by control rods that can be moved in and out of the reactor. They are made of materials like boron or cadmium, which can absorb neutrons. When the control rods are moved in, the rate of chain reaction decreases. When they are moved out, the reaction is speeded up. In case of emergency, all control rods are moved in to shut the reactor. Fission Fusion Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage -chain reaction can take place -highly radioactive used fuel -unlimited supply of fuel -uncontrollable -can be controlled -long half-lives -product of fusion is stable -requires high temperature -2 loops to avoid radioactive substances reach the turbine -formation of bi-products -product is non-radioactive -product with short half-lives Nuclear Fusion can be a good energy supply, however, there are some challenges that scientists are facing. Firstly, nuclear fusion is uncontrollable, once it is out of control, explosion of hydrogen bomb would occur. Secondly, it requires high and sustainable temperature to generate electricity or energy, it costs so much. Lastly, the fusion power station will be occupied for military use, which may lead a catastrophic war. Reference: 1. Articles(given) Lise Meitner Fusion Powering the future? 2. Physics in Life Electricity, Magnetism and Atomic Physics Longman S.S. Tong, K.S. Lam, S.C. Chiu P.176 range in air P.177 penetrating power P.178 deflection of nuclear radiation in electric and magnetic field P.221-225 Nuclear energy 3. Wikipedia Fusion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion Fission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission Power Plant http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fossil_fuel_power_plant 4. Advancing Physics AS P.172 eV 5. Salters Chemical Ideas P.20 properties of ?,? and ? emission

Music as Cultural Criticism Essays -- Music Musical Culture History Es

Music as Cultural Criticism Works Cited Not Included In his article â€Å"Daily Life in Black Africa: Elements for a Critique,† author Paulin Houtondji offers his perceptions of several aspects of life in Africa. His statements are explicit, observant, harsh, and backed up with examples and anecdotes. Many African pop musicians provide similarly critical assessments of various aspects of African life, but they choose to do so in a much subtler way. Houtondji’s criticism of Africa for its serious failure is similar to that of artists like musician E.T. Mensah, who uses upbeat music to lessen the sting of his subversive lyrics. In fact, so deceivingly happy is the sound of the music that missing the entire message of the song is highly possible. His candor and blatancy in expressing his opinion, however, also parallels the work of artists like Fela Kuti, Unsung Heroes, and Prophets of Da City. Though Houtondji and many musicians share the common goal of improving society, or at least highlighting its flaws, the parties focus on different aspects of society, and probably garner different results. To a Western reader, Houtondji and his writings may seem more serious, scholarly, and even competent, even for such a simple reason as a societal bias towards the written word over the spoken. On the other hand, taking into account the low literacy rates in much of Africa, as well as the aural language, the situation may be the opposite in Africa. The spoken, or sung, word should prove highly effective in addressing social wrongs, suggesting societal change, or calling people to action. Using words as weapons is not uncommon, and they are effective both set to music and written. A preliminary reading of Houtondji’s article leads to a c... ...such injustices. Words are often used as effective weapons in written and verbal war. Though seemingly non-violent, these conflicts contain elements of violence, and can thus prove highly painful. In his article â€Å"Daily Life in Black Africa: Elements for a Critique,† author Paulin Houtondji criticizes superficial problems in daily life in Africa, while hinting at the issues of the bigger picture. Similar to this approach, E.T. Mensah uses music to soften the blow of his loaded words. Other pop musicians, such as Fela Kuti, choose not to be sensitive to their audiences, and instead assault them with politically charged lyrics, calling them to action and demanding social change. Both approaches and styles are effective, but an audience’s receptiveness and perception may be the most important determining factors of an artist’s success in issuing a call for change.

Higher education in Canada Essay

Nowadays, most of the people in the world will have a chance to get educated. Many high school and colleges graduates would like to attend four-year University or higher education. They believed that education is a code to help them get success. But why people need to be educated, and what is the purpose of education? When we were young, we thought that we go to school is because of family expectation. After we grow up, we think that it is because of popular trend, people who get higher degree will get more success. But these are not the answer. Education is the key to explore our own life because its purpose is to train good members of society, to help people live better, and to explore our limit in order to upgrade our ability in our daily life. Education helps our society to train good members. According to John Henry Newman, the author of †The Idea of a University†, pointed out that †education neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, nor creates heroes or inspires genius on the other†. (53) University cannot promise to create a generation of heroes, presidents or genius, but it  can educate people knowledge, skills and experiences of social life, and let them learn to respect, to consult, to aid each other. Education also focuses on training students’ ability, †It teaches him to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical, and to discard what is irrelevant. †. (53) Education will give people a clear conscious view of everything around them, and let them distinguish what is right and what is wrong of their own opinions and judgments. Therefore, weare able to accommodate ourselves to others, influence to others, and come to an understanding with others. University education is the great means to †raising the intellectual tone of society, at cultivating the public mind, at purifying the national taste†. (54) Education helps people to live better. In the †Learning in the Key of Life†, Shorris, a novelist and journalist, said that †Do all rich people, or people who are in the middle, know the humanities? Not a chance. But some do. And it helps. It helps to live better and enjoy life more. Will the humanities make you rich? Absolutely. But not in terms of money. In terms of life†. (67) In other word, education can help us to become rich on both ways of money and life. Of course, between those we consider well educated and those who are poorly or inadequately schooled, people accept the higher education always have a better life. They can get more than the others who has lower income level, and make their life easier. People who received higher education have more power to dictate their life. For example, they can  plan our community, adjust our workweeks and even control the world financial markets. In the †Learning in the key of life†, Jon Spayde pointed †that kind of power has everything to do with attitude and access: an attitude of empowerment, even entitlement, and access to tools, people, and ideas that make living at any income level easier, and its crises easier to bear†. (67)Education is a light to illuminate our future, the more education we have, more bright future we will have. Education helps us to explore our limit in order to upgrade our ability in our daily life. According to David Orr, Oberlin College environment professor, he pointed out that university focus on teaching in high-tech training call †Slow Knowledge†, which is †resilience, harmony, and preservation of long-standing patterns that give our lives aesthetic, spiritual, and social meaning†. (68) For example, we cannot finish a 1,000-page novel in one second,because we need to watch the novel step by step and understand the story. We all are slow learners. Although we get academic education,we need to get experience from life in order to explore our limits. As Jon Spayde mention, †is it any wonder that many of us are beginning to feel that we didn’t get the whole story in school, that our educations didn’t prepare us for the world we’re living in today? †. (67) In addition to education, we also should learning from life and learning from experienceto enrich our life, and make our life easier. Education is a basis for our society. It also can train good members of society, to makeour life better, and enhance our ability in our daily life. Growth is a characteristic of life, so education is growing. It can help people be stronger and wiser. We should be awise old owland use our knowledge to make our life and society better. Word Cited Henry Newman, John. â€Å"The Idea of a University. † Lunsford, Andrea, and John Ruskiewicz, eds. THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS: VOICES AND IMAGES THAT CALL FOR RESPONSE. 5TH ED. BOSTON : Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2008. Print Spayde, John. â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life. †Lunsford, Andrea, and John Ruskiewicz, eds. THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS: VOICES AND IMAGES THAT CALL FOR RESPONSE. 5TH ED. BOSTON : Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2008.

Comparasion Wks Essay

Indiana Common Core Standards: †¢Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment. †¢Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, determining which details are emphasized in each account. †¢Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. †¢Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. Part One Directions: Use the following criteria to compare the film Simon Birch to the short story The Scarlet Ibis. Simon BirchScarlet IbisSimilarities/Differences Characters †¢Main characters †¢Protagonist/Antagonist †¢Round/Flat †¢Static/Dynamic †¢Evidence—use a quote from the text AND a line from the story to back up your answerSimon and joe Doodle and his big brotherThey erre both narrated by the second character Plot †¢Setting impact on plot (if any) †¢Events †¢Evidence Motivations †¢Characters †¢Same/different? †¢Evidence Tries to say that he is gods instrument Point of view †¢First or third person? †¢Limited or omniscient? †¢Evidence First person First personThey were both in first person and the narrator wasn’t the main character it was the second character Symbols †¢Symbols in story †¢Symbols in movie †¢Symbols that are similar in both †¢Anything left out? †¢EvidenceHis baseball cards and the armadillo The scarlet ibisThey both mean something to the main characters Theme †¢Theme of the movie †¢Theme of the story †¢Similarities in theme? †¢Differences in theme? †¢Evidence Setting †¢Setting of the story †¢Setting of the movie †¢Similarities in setting? †¢Differences in setting? †¢EvidenceI think that is takes place in the 1950’s? Because of the cars that was in the movie I dont know They both take place in the past Irony †¢Irony and type present in story †¢Irony and type present in movie †¢Similarities †¢Differences †¢EvidenceHe loved to play baseball and he loved joes mom but he killed her with a baseball that he hit into foul territory Situational irony Dramatic irony because when the scarlet ibis died we new that doodle was soon going to die Both of the main characters die

How to Derive the Formula for Combinations

How to Derive the Formula for Combinations After seeing formulas printed in a textbook or written on the board by a teacher, it is sometimes surprising to find out that many of these formulas can be derived from some fundamental definitions and careful thought. This is particularly true in probability when examining the formula for combinations. The derivation of this formula really just relies upon the multiplication principle. The Multiplication Principle Suppose there is a task to do and this task is broken into a total of two steps. The first step can be done in k ways and the second step can be done in n ways. This means that after multiplying these numbers together, the number of ways to perform the task is nk. For example, if you have ten kinds of ice cream to choose from and three different toppings, how many one scoop, one topping sundaes can you make? Multiply three by 10 to get 30 sundaes. Forming Permutations Now, use the multiplication principle to derive the formula for the number of combination of r elements taken from a set of n elements. Let P(n,r) denote the number of permutations of r elements from a set of n and C(n,r) denote the number of combinations of r elements from a set of n elements. Think about what happens when forming a permutation of r elements from a total of n. Look at this as a two-step process. First, choose a set of r elements from a set of n. This is a combination and there are C(n, r) ways to do this. The second step in the process is to order r elements with r choices for the first, r - 1 choices for the second, r - 2 for the third, 2 choices for the penultimate and 1 for the last. By the multiplication principle, there are r x (r -1 ) x . . . x 2 x 1 r! ways to do this. This formula is written with factorial notation. The Derivation of the Formula To recap, P(n,r ), the number of ways to form a permutation of r elements from a total of n is determined by: Forming a combination of r elements out of a total of n in any one of C(n,r ) waysOrdering these r elements any one of r! ways. By the multiplication principle, the number of ways to form a permutation is P(n,r ) C(n,r ) x r!. Using the formula for permutations P(n,r ) n!/(n - r)!, that can be substituted into the above formula: n!/(n - r)! C(n,r ) r!. Now solve this, the number of combinations, C(n,r ), and see that C(n,r ) n!/[r!(n - r)!]. As demonstrated, a little bit of thought and algebra can go a long way. Other formulas in probability and statistics can also be derived with some careful applications of definitions.

Christmas Chemistry - Make Peppermint Cream Wafers

Christmas Chemistry - Make Peppermint Cream Wafers Cooking is really an artistic variation of chemistry! Heres a fun and easy Christmas holiday project for the chemistry lab. Make these peppermint cream wafers for a seasonal project or demonstration. Difficulty: Average Time Required: 30 minutes Peppermint Water Materials sucrose (table sugar)concentrated liquid sucrose (or Karo syrup)potassium tartrate (cream of tartar)lactose (we will use milk)food coloringoil of peppermint250 ml beaker or a saucepancandy thermometer or other metal-backed thermometeraluminum foilassorted labware or utensils for stirring, etc. Procedure First, make sure all of the measuring utensils and glassware are clean and dry. If possible, use beakers that have never been used for more tradition chemistry experiments, since residues of chemicals can remain in the glass.Measure and mix the following chemicals in a 250-ml beaker: 1/4 cup or 2 tablespoons or 2 level medicine cups of sugar; 8 ml (1.5 tsp) milk; 10 ml (2 tsp) Karo syrup; 1/4 tsp or pea-sized amount of cream of tartar.Heat the mixture until its temperature reaches 200Â °F, stirring often.Once the temperature reaches 200Â °F, cover the beaker (with foil) and remove it from the heat for 2 minutes.Return the mixture to the heat. Heat and stir until the temperature reaches 240Â °F (soft-ball on a candy thermometer).Remove the mixure from heat and add one drop of peppermint oil and 1-2 drops of food coloring.Stir until the mixture is smooth, but not any longer than that or else the candy could harden in the beaker. Avoid stirring longer than 15-20 seconds.Pour coin-siz ed drops of the mixture onto a sheet of foil. Depending on the size of the drops, you will get 8-12 of them. Allow the candy to cool, then peel the drops off to enjoy your treat! Hot water is sufficient for clean-up. Tips You can use wooden tongue depressors or metal spoons for stirring.Disposable plastic measuring cups, such as those used to dispense liquid medications, work well for measuring the ingredients for a lab of students.The mixture can be heated over a hotplate or a bunsen burner, with a ring stand and wire gauze pad. You could also use a stove.The texture of the finished product depends on the heating/cooling of the sugar mixture. You could get jellied candies or rock candy. Its a nice opportunity to discuss crystal structures.

Inventor Henry Blair and His Patents

Inventor Henry Blair and His Patents Henry Blair was the only inventor to be identified in the Patent Office records as a colored man. Blair was born in Montgomery County, Maryland around 1807. He received a patent on October 14, 1834, for a seed planter and a patent in 1836 for a cotton planter. Henry Blair was the second black inventor to receive a patent the first was Thomas Jennings who received a patent in 1821 for a dry cleaning process. Henry Blair signed his patents with an x because he could not write. Henry Blair died in 1860. The Research of Henry Baker What we know about early black inventors comes mostly from the work of Henry Baker. He was an assistant patent examiner at the U.S. Patent Office who was dedicated to uncovering and publicizing the contributions of Black inventors. Around 1900, the Patent Office conducted a survey to gather information about black inventors and their inventions. Letters were sent to patent attorneys, company presidents, newspaper editors, and prominent African Americans. Henry Baker recorded the replies and followed-up on leads. Baker’s research also provided the information used to select Black inventions exhibited at the Cotton Centennial in New Orleans, the World’s Fair in Chicago, and the Southern Exposition in Atlanta. By the time of his death, Henry Baker had compiled four massive volumes.

Relations between Knowledge and Reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Relations between Knowledge and Reality - Essay Example Ideas about relationships are certainly developed and predicted on the basis of the conditions they fulfill. Thus, the relationships and their concepts are dependent of the performances they make. The author also alludes to various forms of concepts described by Locke, which include action-concepts, physical concepts and moral concepts (106-107). Locke has also established the patterns of relations, where he declares cause and effect as the most important one in this regards. He has also shown the relationship between various ideas on the basis of the concepts established. He called relation between idea and thing as the real existence. (110) Locke has presented different sorts of agreements on perception about ideas, where he aims to view knowledge as unlimited in nature and scope, though knowledge of coexistence is narrow and limited one. Hence, Locke asserts the existence of knowledge on the basis of perception of agreement or disagreement between ideas, without taking into consid eration the very difference in perceiving the same. (117) Locke, Law & Law of Nature Rogers (1999) has identified the moral and natural law described and discussed by John Locke in his philosophy. Moral law, according to Rogers, enjoys the central place in Locke’s political writings (Atherton, 1999:47), which can also be viewed in association with his opinion about scientific inventions and advancements. It is partly due to the very reality that scientific discoveries are also the outcome of the scientists’ curiosity for exploring the countless phenomena of nature with the help of observation and empirical estimation. Hence, God and the universe on the one hand, and natural law and scientific discoveries are interrelated according to Locke (48-49). The individuals’ activities also reflect natural laws, and parents’ affection for children is natural, while their hatred for children looks unnatural and astonishing act. Consequently, natural law lays stress upon morality for the individuals (51), and reiterates upon applying best of faculties and skills while performing an act or obligation. Locke has also sought inspiration from the Newton’s law of gravity that every object of nature acts according to the commands of natural law, and deviation from the same could invite disorder and chaos in its wake. It is therefore Locke, in his Essay, looks for seeking knowledge about the laws of universe in order to explore the realities existing all around humans. (53-54) Rogers also cites Locke’s examples regarding the affects of various objects on others, where the reaction of different objects is almost same, as hemlock takes the life of the person consuming the same. Locke has also explored relation between the law of nature and the laws of nature, where law of nature identifies the existence of God, His laws and the entities to obey the same, and laws of nature repeat their course in order to implement the law of nature. Moral Weakness by Spinoza Harris (1973) has elucidated Spinoza’s doctrine of moral weakness by making its comparison with the goodness theory articulated by renowned Greek philosopher Plato.  

Information Systems in Accounting and Finance Essay

Information Systems in Accounting and Finance - Essay Example Security controls help in controlling attacks, these attacks maybe passive or active in nature. In passive attack, the information is not interfered with, however, for the active attack it involves interfering with the traffic, flow of messages. These may include the destruction and the deletion of important information by attackers masquerading as employees or impersonating other employees. The system accountant must apply some controls to ensure these risks are controlled. The ever-growing need to improve service delivery and storage of information has an equal measure of challenges. For instance, most retail organizations must ensure their pricing, product codes, and another confidential information is safe from malicious personnel (Hall, 2013). The retail organization will build a system that captures the price list of all the household appliances in their stores. The system will also have unique codes for each item on sale. This makes the organization have the potential to empower their customers to make online purchase. Customers can log into their website and make involve, and payment for their household items. The company must have measures to deliver the item either through courier delivery or alternative shipment strategy. The main challenge is lost or theft of such information thereby denting the credibility of the organization (Boczko, 2012). A retail organization involved in selling of home appliance must have proper working accounting syst ems that safeguard the customer information from individuals who may attempt to misuse the information. Therefore, such organizations must have strategies that identify possible risks and security threats to enable institution of audit procedures aiming at mitigation of the type of risks (Grande et al., 2011; Colbert, 2002). The essay looks at the types of risks and security threats a retail organization may face and the possible control

Media and communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media and communication - Essay Example In this case, today people are experiencing technoculture rather than technocracy since the practices and skills accompanying computer technology today barely resemble the technocratic nature experienced in the 1984 according to Handler, Carolyn (45). In the technoculture era, technology is used in ways which have eroded privacy unlike the technocracy era in which individual privacy was highly respected. Big brother (technocracy) opposes publicity of information not only due to privacy but also for secrecy purposes. Contemporary Global Mediated Communication The forwards march of the internet into every day living was aided and supported by the exceptional demand for smart phones after the introduction of the first iphone in 2007.This has led to a new world order in the technology, telecommunication and media industry. In such a case, face book, Google, Microsoft and apple (contemporary global mediated communications) are moving towards the top of this world order pushing aside other mediated communication which existed in the twentieth century. These forms of media are essentially changing consumers’ performance and dismantling longstanding media, technology and telecoms in twentieth centuries. This contemporary global mediated communications have brought a lot of changes in contrast to the twentieth century media. ... On the same note, the contemporary media has become major channel for software functions music, games and other digital substances which have led to the rewriting of media rules. However, the increasing advantage of the contemporary media as opposed to the twentieth century media is due to lack of pressure from shareholders unlike the case other old media. The Eiffel Tower and the Opera Garnier The Eiffel Tower was constructed for the French revolt referred to as centennial Exposition Universelle. It was meant to be a short-term exhibit of architectural engineering expertise but emerged as the world’s tallest tower up to 1930 according to Spang (34).This makes the building significant to the history of urban space. Opera Garnier has been of great importance in history. This is because its museums and companies have made the city of Paris a popular tourist destination globally receiving more than 30 million tourists per annum. The city was initially the site the French revolt a nd rich cultural setting with wealthy patrons who provided an intellectual atmosphere which invited scholars and artists. The flourish of such people led to the transformation of the city making it the world’s top trade and cultural centre. Worries about Media Change A variety of developments in the Greek community led to the practice of writing. The first writers were the Hippocratic writers who wrote to make medicine a complete participant during the famous Revolution of Wisdom in late fifth century. The invention of writing was the biggest worry for them as now they were to see with their minds what they could not see with their eyes. However writing of poetry preceded the written prose discourse. The likes of face book and Google have

Diabetes in the Young Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diabetes in the Young - Research Paper Example Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Research of type 2 diabetes in the young adults and children continues to provide insightful information about the pathophysiology of the disease. Qualified researchers attribute susceptibility to the disease to both genetic and environmental factors (Eppens & Craig, 2006). Inherited genes might predispose an individual to a combination of failure of beta-cell secretion and insensitivity to insulin produced (Eppens & Craig, 2006). This means that individuals with a history of this disease have increased chances of contracting it compared to individuals with no record of type 2 diabetes in their family. 45-80% of these children have a parent suffering from type 2 diabetes. 74-90% of the reported children cases show that they have the 1st or 2nd degree relative suffering from the disease (Eppens & Craig, 2006). Some researchers might also argue that women have a higher chance of contracting the disease than men (Eppens & Craig, 2006). Other genetic fa ctors that increase the person’s susceptibility to the disease are intrauterine exposure to diabetes, puberty, low birth-weight, and ethnicity (Eppens & Craig, 2006). ... For example, the continuous advancement in the technology industry induces laziness among the young adults and children, who would rather engage themselves in computer games indoors instead of riding a bicycle outside. As a result, the levels of obesity among the young have skyrocketed over the years, increasing their chances of developing type 2 diabetes (Kaufman, 2002). Obesity affects the body by overworking all the organs. In addition, the high cholesterol levels also clog up the blood vessels, causing a disruption in the supply of essential enzymes and nutrients in the body (Kaufman, 2002). Brief literature review focusing on current research The American Pediatric Board described type 2 diabetes as the new epidemic affecting the pediatric population. The incidence and prevalence rates have increased by 33% between 1990 and 2000 (Kaufman, 2002). Research shows that the disease accounted for 16% of new pediatric diabetes recorded in the urban areas in 1992, and by 1999 the record s showed up to 8- 45 % increase in new cases as per the geographic location (Kaufman, 2002). Further research reveals that ethnicity plays a crucial role in the susceptibility patterns of the disease. Mainly people of African-American, Native-American, Asian-American, and Mexican-American descent suffer from type 2 diabetes. For example, African-American children represent 70-75% of new pediatric patients of type 2 diabetes in Ohio and Arkansas (Kaufman, 2002). Very limited information is available about effective evidence-based treatment. However, National Institute of Health has recently disbursed funding to a multicenter consortium charged with the responsibility of determining the outcomes of the different treatment regimens

Principles of tax income law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Principles of tax income law - Essay Example In John’s case, he is an employee of a real estate agent but he is carrying out personalised investment activities. This can be seen with the purchase of the motel in order to sell it out as a kindergarten later. A purchase of this kind can be considered as an investment carried out with the intention to make a profit. In terms of the bigger picture, John’s investment activity can be considered as a business activity in ordinary usage since he invests money in order to derive a profit. Receipts or profits created through business activities are treated as ordinary income for most circumstances3 4. In cases where there may be payment complications or where receipts cannot be created from proceeds of business, income may not be seen as ordinary5. However, in John’s case, if the real estate sold out it would have produced a simple income receipt that would have been considered as ordinary income. The onset of the flood and the clearing up of the land can further be considered as business activities on John’s part in order to add value to his property. The assessment that John’s land carried underground hot water reservoirs merely added even more value to his land. John is now being offered money based on the value addition on the motel site he purchased. The value addition activities of John can be seen as business activities analogous to any other value addition properties carried out by any other business. As long as there is â€Å"sufficient connection† between John’s income derived from the sale of land and value addition on the land, John’s income will be categorised as ordinary income according to FCT v Consolidated Press Holdings Ltd (No 2)6 7. A scrutiny of John’s circumstances reveals that he purchased land with a view to make profit and his final transaction with Green Energy results in profit. Such income is considered ordinary income for taxation purposes. Problem Question 1B The capital ga ins tax (CGT) applies to any forms of capital gains made when an asset is disposed off except for certain exemptions. Most exemptions related to CGT in Australia are based on items of personal use as well as exemptions to promote certain business activities. Moreover, the CGT enforced in Australia provides for rollovers under certain circumstances. The contention behind CGT is to tax income that falls within the capital gain category so that it cannot be drained off for other purposes. Assessments for CGT rely on considering any net gains as part of the taxable income structure for a single tax year8. The net gains may result from the sale of owned assets or from any other forms of disposal of assets. Any form of assets held by an individual for a period of one year or more are given a fifty percent discount when considering the CGT on disposal9. CGT was introduced to Australia in 1985 and any assets held by a person before this are exempt from CGT. Assets acquired by a person in or after 1985 are considered alone in CGT deductions10. In the case of Kimberly, her assets were mostly formed well after 1985 so CGT applies to most of her assets except those that are exempt under current CGT laws. In addition to this observation, it is noteworthy that up to 1999, CGT applied after an assessment of the consumer price index (CPI). Under this scheme, changes in the price of an asset due to consumption

Human Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Freedom - Essay Example From this stance, freedom and responsibility becomes two sides of the same coin that are simply inalienable. Three of the most astounding quotations of Sartre with direct bearings to my thesis will be discussed in detail with the aim of setting a clear pattern that will not impede the coherence of my discourse as the paper advances. They are as follows: A quick analysis of any of the above quotations individually reveals the exclusive attributes of the message being portrayed by Sartre in one breadth and a striking presence of complementary interconnectivity as they converge to give credence to the core values underpinning the existentialist ideology. In the first quote for instance, like Plato he asserts to the principle of the object in man1. Sartre argues that any essence in life will primarily take root from a fore existence. Contingent with the above idea about man's absolute freedom, it can be said that this "freedom" is packaged in a complex paradoxical guise. He proves that freedom without determinism is terribly misplaced. It further does not exonerate the individual from being accountable for his actions and inactions, mindful of the fact that this freedom is highly pervasive because it is able to generate multiplier effects. Its effects are lumped in the various sub-categories of anguish, forlornness, bad faith, despair and authenticity. The third quote illuminates the challenges man is confronted with in his quest to exercise the discretionary power bestowed on him to make choices. His main difficulty has to do with the fact that his free choice also places a burden of responsibility towards other people directly unto his hands. For this reason man's individual choices as contained in his freedom is of universal significance. Global terrorism a twenty first century political and security challenge to the American people can be used as a sufficient illustration to drive home this point. The scale of the problem has left America in a position that makes it impossible for her to claim ownership of the war to overcome all forms of extremism and Semitism. It is for this reason that America is leading the global war against terrorism with the support of her allies as well as international security establishments like NATO. Viewed from another angle, it is a war that the terror organizations and their sponsors are determined not be vanquished, which makes the war a collective all encompassing war. On the question of responsibility, Sartre makes it known that being responsible towards oneself transcends individuality to include an extension into the wider community of the human family. Indeed, America's responsibility in the war is explained by her security and foreign policies and the extent to which these policies have affected other nations positively or negatively prompting extremism. Implicitly or explicitly, the war has had its fair share of criticism which includes among other things the US government mistakenly

Principles of tax income law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Principles of tax income law - Essay Example In John’s case, he is an employee of a real estate agent but he is carrying out personalised investment activities. This can be seen with the purchase of the motel in order to sell it out as a kindergarten later. A purchase of this kind can be considered as an investment carried out with the intention to make a profit. In terms of the bigger picture, John’s investment activity can be considered as a business activity in ordinary usage since he invests money in order to derive a profit. Receipts or profits created through business activities are treated as ordinary income for most circumstances3 4. In cases where there may be payment complications or where receipts cannot be created from proceeds of business, income may not be seen as ordinary5. However, in John’s case, if the real estate sold out it would have produced a simple income receipt that would have been considered as ordinary income. The onset of the flood and the clearing up of the land can further be considered as business activities on John’s part in order to add value to his property. The assessment that John’s land carried underground hot water reservoirs merely added even more value to his land. John is now being offered money based on the value addition on the motel site he purchased. The value addition activities of John can be seen as business activities analogous to any other value addition properties carried out by any other business. As long as there is â€Å"sufficient connection† between John’s income derived from the sale of land and value addition on the land, John’s income will be categorised as ordinary income according to FCT v Consolidated Press Holdings Ltd (No 2)6 7. A scrutiny of John’s circumstances reveals that he purchased land with a view to make profit and his final transaction with Green Energy results in profit. Such income is considered ordinary income for taxation purposes. Problem Question 1B The capital ga ins tax (CGT) applies to any forms of capital gains made when an asset is disposed off except for certain exemptions. Most exemptions related to CGT in Australia are based on items of personal use as well as exemptions to promote certain business activities. Moreover, the CGT enforced in Australia provides for rollovers under certain circumstances. The contention behind CGT is to tax income that falls within the capital gain category so that it cannot be drained off for other purposes. Assessments for CGT rely on considering any net gains as part of the taxable income structure for a single tax year8. The net gains may result from the sale of owned assets or from any other forms of disposal of assets. Any form of assets held by an individual for a period of one year or more are given a fifty percent discount when considering the CGT on disposal9. CGT was introduced to Australia in 1985 and any assets held by a person before this are exempt from CGT. Assets acquired by a person in or after 1985 are considered alone in CGT deductions10. In the case of Kimberly, her assets were mostly formed well after 1985 so CGT applies to most of her assets except those that are exempt under current CGT laws. In addition to this observation, it is noteworthy that up to 1999, CGT applied after an assessment of the consumer price index (CPI). Under this scheme, changes in the price of an asset due to consumption

Quantitave methods informal in-depth interviewing Essay

Quantitave methods informal in-depth interviewing - Essay Example It should also be noted that there are different methodologies which are applicable in research methods. The issue of central interest in any matter is always to find a better solution than the existing one; this means that there are some issues that emerge as new in the society and therefore no information exists about them while on the other hand, better approaches are also being studied about issues that are already exist. In other words, the core reference point in any research study is the literature review. Research can either be from primary sources or secondary ones. Primary source research is obtained from initial findings from an original work while secondary are obtained from published materials. Research has never been perfectly done by man due to many challenges and this means that any research work assumed done perfectly still bears some information gap. It should be noted that these issues that have not been captured by past research studies may be vital in providing a lasting solution. Various concepts of research have always been under use but their effectiveness varies from one use to another. The Qualitative Interview Design is the latest research concept which is gaining weight especially in the business world. Informal interviews are a concept of qualitative research. It accords the same opportunity to acquire information just like in any other research method. Its applicability comes even in business management. In normal business operations, the daily occurrences that characterize business operations entail gathering and collecting data. This data is usually relevant in determining the fate of a business in terms of market survey and related factors. Consequently, it is always important to have concise information on the targeted market on what needs to be done in order to succeed in a particular market. Such is a predicament that would warrant carrying out of research. In view of this, informal interview would provide a relatively easier way of evaluating the market before making any business decision. In-depth interview entails asking of questions, listening to the answers and recording them. The researcher can also pose additional questions to clarify or expand on particular issues. In most cases the questions are open ended and this is meant to explore the ideas of the respondents without restriction since this is likely to give a true picture and their real perceptions. This concept is aimed at understanding the clear view of the beneficiaries of a program, there judgement and terminologies. The extent by which the three approaches in in-depth interviewing differ is basically dependent on standardization of the questions and how they are determined. These methods are semi-structured interview, the informal conversational interview and the standardized open-ended interview. Each of these approaches has different instrumentation requirements and preparation besides serving different purposes. Qualitative research design requires in-depth experience with methodology and one of its most important components is the concept of informal interview. Qualitative Interview Design is one of the sources of research in academics where the interviews provide wide information base pertaining to a participant's first hand experience and viewpoints on a specific topic of study. This research methods concept makes the best literature review base since the qualitative interviews provid

Child Poverty Essay Example for Free

Child Poverty Essay Child poverty is one of the major problems today. Poverty can affect anyone but children are most affected. Poverty in children has become big social problem. Poverty is not having enough for needs. Not having enough can bring many concerns. Poverty is long lasting effect and can leave permanent mark on Childs behavior. Poverty can impact children’s performance in school and poverty can bring many health issues. Many children are born in poor family where their family members lack at providing enough for their children. Many children in poor family suffer from hunger and not having enough nutrition. As mansion in Gregory’s essay â€Å"shame† Richard was not able to focus in school because he was suffering from hunger, and teacher thought he was not smart and they never bother to find out, but the truth was he was just hungry because he was poor and wasent able to provide enough food. Poverty can also cause huge impact on Childs performance. While parents are busy trying to make living they cannot provide enough motivational help to their children while some children have to go to work instead of study because lack of money in family. In the essay â€Å"shame† Gregory describes how Richard had to work hard and polish shoes to make little amount of money. Early labor and not having enough help in their academic progress impact on children’s growth and development of child. Withought proper education child lacks at proper understanding of our society. Poverty also brings many health concerns in children. Because of parents cannot provide enough material. Many children born in poor family are often exposed to miner diseases that may prove fatal. In some poor family where parents always drinking problem, children always learn from their parents and adopt their aggressive behavior, drinking problem or drug abuse. These can also lead in fatal health issue in children. Parents always seem to forget â€Å"what we do. They do. † In the essay â€Å"shame† Gregory talks about how Richard did not learn about hate and shame until he went to school. Poverty is one of the most evil situations we have in our society. And it can transform our children’s entire personality and affect our neighborhood and future. we have to work together to ensure bright and healthy future.

The Shipping News :: essays research papers

The Shipping News â€Å"I’m tired of going somewhere. I want to be there!† These words spoken by Bunny Quoyle, riding along with her family on their way to the old homestead in Killick Claw, New Foundland seems an exclamation to a deeper desire to settle what has been an unsettled and unhappy life. The quote could also define the transition that Quolyle, Bunny’s father, experiences. Quoyle is nowhere it seems, until he finally arrives somewhere meaningful. The transformation is a lot about getting over the loss of his wife, Petal, but also much about getting over himself as a loser and getting to a place of contentedness and confidence. Quoyle’s life rides on waves – some small that are body-surfing-like, others that are huge and tumultuous that crash onshore with Tsunami-like devastation. Eventually, he manages to find a place suitable and sustaining. Quoyle began life feeling, believing that he had been born into the wrong family; that somehow he ended up with the wrong parents. He stumbled into adulthood, feeling invisible until someone noticed. His lack of esteem and confidence is evidenced by his always trying to hide his chin with his hand; the hand always goes to the chin, his monstrous chin, when he feels threatened. His love for Petal is partly based on the fact that he caught her attention – once, quite by accident – and that they had a meaningless sexual relationship that resulted in two children. He is the sort of character you feel sorry for from the start, feel badly that he’ll never become anybody, never make something of himself, yet you want to cheer for him all along the way. As we get to know Quoyle, we realize that although he has a negative self image, is always self conscious and has no confidence in his abilities, he has a huge heart and a huge capacity to love, and he especially has a huge consciousness to do what is right for his family. Quoyle is a man growing into himself. His first opportunity to grow comes by an invitation from his aunt to move to New Foundland, to settle in his family’s ancestral home and to find his roots. â€Å"You can be anything you want with a fresh start,† says his aunt in convincing him to go. And off they all go – the aunt, Quoyle, Bunny and Sunshine – and all their self-possessed demons.

Genital Infections Essays -- Health, STD

Introduction Rapid laboratory detection of genital infections in pregnant women is very important, mainly because of the ability of the bacteria to colonize the endocervical lining and cause injury to the fetus (1). Epidemiologic data indicated that their presence in the genital tract has been associated with the incidence of urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, PID, pyelonephritis and pathology of pregnancy and newborns, and, therefore, their rapid and specific diagnosis is important (2). There are more than 30 different sexually transmissible agents. The most common bacteria are Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis). The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in sexually active adolescent women, the population considered most at risk, generally exceeds 10%, and in some adolescent and STD clinic populations of women, the prevalence can reach 40%. Also in newborns occur as a result of prenatal exposure; approximately 65% of babies born from infected mothers become infected during vaginal delivery. Infections caused by C.trachomatis are particularly difficult to confine as a high proportion of these infections are asymptomatic thus making part of the population (those not tested) a reservoir for further transmission (3). While diseases caused by C.trachomatis have been recognized for many years the discovery of diseases associated with Mycoplasma genitalium (M.genitalium) are very recent findings. M.genitalium which was discovered in the early 1980s has recently been proven to be a significant pathogen similar to C.trachomatis in several respects, such as preference to the genital tract and mode of transmission. A few studies have reported on M.genitalium in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) and TFI (Tubal Factor Infertility) and... ...ng only one sampling and one test, has proven to be a simple and rapid method for the detection of C.trachomatis and M.genitalium which is clinically very significant, particularly in management of pregnant women as a high risk groups in country. We therefore recommend that this duplex PCR assay may be used instead of conventional methods like as bacterial culture and serology for rapid and high sensitive diagnosis of genital bacterial in clinical sample. Finally our findings revealed that in Sabzevar (East region) compared with other studies done in north, center and south of Iran, infection with C.trachomatis is higher than other area and should be considered in national preventive planning for screening and treatment in response to strategic plan of Eastern Medit erranean Region of World Health Organization (EMRWHO) 2009-2015 (28).

Gangs vs Cults

Gangs and Cults Gangs and cults at first glance may seem very different, and in some ways they are, but when you look closer their cultures are very similar. Cults promote a particular belief system, recruiting members by tricking them or influencing them to believe what they are teaching or telling them. Gangs pretty much do the same thing. They create glorified myths about the gang that appeal to young recruits, and far too often these myths become the foundation for young aspirations.Gangs differ from cults by promising things like money, sex, power, and materialistic things to their members. In the following essay I will show how the two groups have similar and different cultures when it comes to the use of symbols, behaviors, and language. Symbols are a very important part of the gang culture. Signs and symbols are used to identify a certain gang or to intimidate and disrespect rival gangs. There are times when they are used to identify a group of gangs, referred to as a â€Å" nation†.Gang members use tattoos, graffiti, and a particular color of clothing to show who they are affiliated with. Cults use symbols to identify different religious beliefs. Some examples of these signs or symbols are as follows; the inverted pentagram is used in witchcraft and occult rituals to conjure up evil spirits, the hexagram is one of the most potent symbols used in the working of the powers of darkness, and the upside down cross symbolizes mockery and rejection of Christ.Symbols are used in very different ways in the two cultures. Gangs represent their set very proudly and openly displaying who they are affiliated with, while cults mostly display their symbols through jewelry. Slang is the unique language used by the street gangs and prison gangs in America. Gangs have created a language of their own. Some of the words and symbols have a universal use and meaning, while others have an ethnic, cultural, or regional meaning.A few terms used by gangs are; a buster-a fa ke or imitation, ace kool-best friend or backup, bangin-gang fighting or violence, baby gangster-very young (7-12 years) who are used to act as lookouts, hold drugs, and guns. Cults use hypnotic language patterns and metaphors, either consciously or unconsciously. Every religion or cult has its own language. Most cults will speak their native language to one another in private, or during ceremonies. It is usually considered rude to not speak common when there are people from another cult present.Cults tend to completely withdraw from normal regular society, into a communal isolated lifestyle. That lifestyle can be a relative one, where people withdraw locally within their regular communities, or, actually withdraw as a group into a distant or remote area with others who follow their beliefs. The polygamists of southern Utah, who live in Colorado City, are an example of this behaviour. Gangs on the other hand are completely different when it comes to behaviour. They are typically ref erred to as a group of people who engage in criminal activity.Gangs exist in urban and even in rural areas as well. There are well over a quarter million youths throughout the country who are involved in gang activity (Curry et al. 1992). In Los Angeles County their violent acts claim an average of one life a day (1989 McBride & Jackson). In the past three-and-a-half years, more than 23,000 people have been killed along the U. S. border in connection with gang violence. â€Å"21 dead in Mexican gang gun battle near U. S. border,† The Associated Press, July 2, 2010. These two groups are similar in the way the form their groups, and recruit members.Yet they are very different in their actions. In spite of external pressures on gangs and cults to conform to conventional social norms, they choose to follow an alternative lifestyle and adopt untraditional values. While some members of the general public tolerate their existence, others express covert or even hostility towards them through threats or physical crimes.References Bissel, B. (n. d. ). Signs and symbols. Retrieved from http://www. exposingsatanism. org/signs2. htm Walker, R. (2010, November 09). Gangs or us. Retrieved from http://www. gangsorus. com/index. html

Ss2 Assesment

Spreadsheet Software Level 2 (Credit value 4) Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 6 Parts. Name: Alvaro Estrada Achieving your qualification In order to achieve your Level 2 ITQ Certificate in IT User Skills qualification, you will need to demonstrate to your tutor that you can meet all of the learning outcomes for this Unit. By completing this Assessment, you will cover the following learning outcomes: The learner will†¦ 1. Use a spreadsheet to enter, edit and organise numerical and other data 2. Select and use appropriate formulas and data analysis tools to meet requirements 3.Select and use tools and techniques to present and format spreadsheet information You will also satisfy the following assessment criteria: The learner can†¦ 1. 1 Identify what numerical and other information is needed in the spreadsheet and how it should be structured 1. 2 Enter and edit numerical and other data accurately 1. 3 Combine and link data across worksheets 1. 4 Store and retrieve spreadsheet files effectively, in line with local guidelines and conventions where available 2. 1 Identify which tools and techniques to use to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 2. Select and use a range of appropriate functions and formulas to meet calculation requirements 2. 3 Use a range of tools and techniques to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 3. 1 Plan how to present and fo rmat spreadsheet information effectively to meet needs 3. 2 Select and use appropriate tools and techniques to format spreadsheet cells, rows, columns and worksheets 3. 3 Select and format an appropriate chart or graph type to display selected information 3. 4 Select and use appropriate page layout to present and print spreadsheet information 3. Check information meets needs, using spreadsheet tools and making corrections as necessary 3. 6 Describe how to find errors in spreadsheet formulas 3. 7 Respond appropriately to any problems with spreadsheets The references in brackets below show you where these criteria are covered. Assessment Scenario You work in a newsagents’ shop. Your boss has asked you to analyse the sales of chocolate bars using a spreadsheet. Part A (B1. 1, B1. 2, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) 1. Open Excel to create a spreadsheet about chocolate bar sales. The spreadsheet should contain the following data: Price of the chocolate bars †¢ Shelf location in the shop †¢ Sales of each chocolate bar for January †¢ Sales of each chocolate bar for February Use the information below to create the spreadsheet. Chocolate bar data Chocolate bar prices: Mars: 0. 58, Dairy Milk: 0. 65, Double Decker: 0. 66, Twix: 0. 53, Caramel: 0. 55, Snickers: 0. 57, Boost: 0. 71, Bounty: 0. 35, Aero: 0. 68, Wispa: 0. 65, Milky bar: 0. 40, Yorkie; 0. 70, Galaxy: 0. 67, Lion bar: 0. 65, Rolo: 0. 63. Shelf location in the shop Shelf one: Snickers, Mars, Galaxy, Yorkie Shelf two: Dairy Milk, Caramel, Boost, Rolo, BountyShelf three: Twix, Milky bar, Aero, Double Decker, Lion Bar, Wispa January chocolate bar sales volume: |Mars |54 | |Dairy Milk |36 | |Double Decker |30 | |Twix |24 | |Caramel |48 | |Snickers |108 | |Boost |22 | |Bounty |51 | |Aero |32 | |Wispa |37 | Milky bar |29 | |Yorkie |55 | |Galaxy |60 | |Lion bar |37 | |Rolo |43 | February chocolate bar sales volume: |Mars |60 | |Dairy Milk |42 | |Double Decker |45 | |Twix |36 | |Caramel |57 | |Snickers |114 | Boost |35 | |Bounty |50 | |Aero |35 | |Wispa |48 | |Milky bar |62 | |Yorkie |70 | |Galaxy |55 | |Lion bar |40 | |Rolo |46 | 2. Format the price column of the spreadsheet so that it displays as currency. 3. Create a new column called Total sales.Calculate the total number of sales for January and February for each chocolate bar and populate the Total sales column. 4. Sort the spreadsheet by Shelf location so that all of the Shelf 1 chocolate bars appear at the top of the spreadsheet, then the Shelf 2 bars, then the Shelf 3 bars. Save the spreadsheet with the name: SS2_chocolate_complete Part B (B1. 1, B1. 2, B1. 4) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment), and create a column chart to compare the prices of the chocolate bars. Save the chart as a new worksheet in your workbook.Give this new worksheet the name: Chart1 2. Create a line graph to compare the sales of all chocolate bars in January and February. Save the graph as a new w orksheet in your workbook. Give this new worksheet the name: Chart2 Remember to save your work within the file: SS2_chocolate_complete Part C (B1. 4, B2. 1, B2. 3) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A and added charts to in Part B of this assessment). 2. Add a new column to this spreadsheet. You should add this column after the Total sales column and name it Re-order. 3.If the Total sales of a chocolate bar are more than 100, then stock needs to be re-ordered. In the Re-order column that you have added to your spreadsheet, create an IF statement to show whether stock needs to be ordered for each chocolate bar. The results of your IF statement should display Yes if stock needs to be re-ordered or No if new stock isn’t required. 4. Once you have completed your IF statement for each chocolate bar, save the changes you have made to your SS2_chocolate_complete spreadsheet. Part D (B1. 3, B2. 2) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. . From the resource files open the spreadsheet shopdata. 2. Complete the following table. For each task you must complete the action in Excel, and then complete the table with which functions/formula you used. The first task has been completed as an example. |Task |Use one of these three |Which |Type out the formula / one of the |What is the answer | | |functions to complete the |function did |formulas you used |to the initial task? | | |task |you use? | | |Calculate the total number of|SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT |SUM |=SUM(C2:C7) |350 | |sales for Shop 2 in February | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Identify the most popular |SUM, MIN, MAX |MAX |=MAX(B2:B7) |Snickers | |chocolate bar for Shop 1 in | | | | | |January | | | | | |Calculate the total number of|3D reference using SUM, 3D |SUM |=SUM(Shop1:Shop3! J5) | | |Mars bars sold by all shops |reference using COUNTIF, 3D | | | | | |reference using MIN / MAX. |*see note | | | | | | | Total=1687 | Remember to save your work in this document. *note: To do this task I used Sort AZ in every Shop with intention to get Mars bars in The position row 5, in every shop I did =SUM(B5:G5) and every result in J5. After I did SUM Part E (B1. 3, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. 1. From the resource files open the document shopdata. 2. For each of the three Shop worksheets, add a new column after June and name it Average. 3.Work out the average number of sales for each chocolate bar in Shop 2. Display the results in the column Average. 4. Sort the Shop 2 worksheet so that the chocolate bar with the least average sales appears at the top, and the chocolate bar with the most average sales appears at the bottom of the spreadsheet. 5. Go to the Shop 1 worksheet. Type the text Shop 2 in a cell in column A. Create a hyperlink using this text which links to the Shop 2 worksheet. Save the file with the n ame: SS2_shopdata_complete Part F (B3. 1, B3. 2, B3. 3, B3. 4, B3. 5, B3. 6, B3. 7) 1. Open the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment, which should be saved with the filename SS2_chocolate_complete. Using the Save as unction, create another file and give it the file name SS2_chocolate2_complete. †¢ Apply bold formatting to all the text in Row 1 †¢ Apply bold formatting to all the text in Column A †¢ Change the text colour of Row 1 to red †¢ Adjust the size of Column F so that the text ‘Total sales’ appears on one line †¢ Insert an outline border to your spreadsheet, and also an inside border to all cells 2. Open the worksheet Chart 1 †¢ Give the x axis the name chocolate bar type †¢ Give the y axis the name customer price †¢ Change the chart type from Column to Bar †¢ Give this chart a suitable title †¢ A legend should be applied, if appropriate. 3. Open the worksheet Chart 2.Add a suitable chart title, le gend, x-axis label and y-axis label to this chart. 4. Check the formatting, spelling and data accuracy of all your work, and respond appropriately to any problems. Describe how you did this. Using Print Preview to view the document. I adjusted the margins, with Page Layout (Margins), which were too wide, necessitating 2 pages to show chart 2. I checked the layout for the first chart and resized the second chart to fit the page. Next, I renamed sheet 1&2 to chart 1&2 on the spreadsheets ss2_chocolate_complete and on ss2_chocolate2_complete respectively. I did this by right clicking on the sheet tab, using Rename I typed in the correct name (chart 1& chart 2).In Review, I used the Spelling & Grammar option to check the whole documents & corrected mistakes. I checked all formulas manually to be sure they are working automatically. Remember to save the spreadsheet with the file name: SS2_chocolate2_complete Sending work Once you have completed all parts of this Assessment, you will need to send your work to your tutor so he or she can see the progress you have made. Send the following files: 1. This document with completed sections. 2. SS2_chocolate_complete 3. SS2_chocolate2_complete 4. SS2_shopdata_complete When you’re ready, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your files to your tutor via your My Study area.

The Circles of English

The Circles of English English has become one of the most important languages around the world through speaking, different accents and words. The power of this language has been determined by the important of United States as economic leader and the expansion of British colonial power explained Cristal (59). According to White, the language has different categories and barriers that make English different in the world. This author based his research on the classification of English through three different circles created by Braj Kachru.Through this essay, it will explain the different part of the Circles of English. The circles mean the barrier between English native and non-native English countries. According to Braj Kachru, the inner circle indicates where English is the primary language; United States, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zeland, and there are 328-380 million of people who speak the language; the outer or extended circle involves countries English is not native, but it has an importance as a second language; such as, India, Singapore and Jamaica.At the end, the expanding or extending circle is non-native English, without being colonized by British Empire, but it considers as a foreign language; for example, Japan, Brazil, Italy and Russia. Therefore, the barriers in these three circles are the amount of people who speak the English language and the importance of English around the world In conclusion, it can be said that these three circles explain the main differences about the spread of English. According to Cristal â€Å"the differences of historical and social issues raised by the notion of world English are presented in these circles† (107).This means how English can affect the history of different countries. Worked Cited †¢ Cristal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. †¢ Cristal, David. English as a Global Language. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. †¢ White, Ron. â€Å"Going round in circles: English as an International Language, and cross-cultural capability. † Cross-Cultural Capability Conference '97. Leeds Metropolitan University. 15-16 December 1997.

ETHICS 501, Business Ethics, Mod 1 Case Assignment Essay

ETHICS 501, Business Ethics, Mod 1 Case Assignment - Essay Example The best policy is that he talks with the CEP of other firms in order to join him in the attempt to reduce corruption and bribery in the industry. Although many CEOs might not want to join this cause as it might mean reduction in their profits but a lot of other people who care about the ethical issues will join hands with him. He can convince that other CEOs by stating that utilitarianism requires them to act in this way. By utilitarianism we mean that positive and negative consequences of an action should be consider and if some action is yield more positive consequence for the society than negative consequence, then that action should be taken immediately. And since reducing the corruption in the industry in the interest of the society and the company, this action should be taken. Whereas if they allow the corruption and bribery to prevail in the industry, then only the company will benefit and hence it is better to reduce the corruption in the society from utilitarianism framework. This will also yield the benefits other companies in the long run as without corruption and bribery existent in the industry, they will be able to win contracts on merit and corruption expenditure will be reduced which will be contributed in the profitability of the industry. Similarly, we can assess whether this action by Fluor and other companies from the deontology framework is worth taking or not. Deontological ethic framework suggests that morality requires that certain actions are wrong even if the outcomes of these actions are good. For example, bribery and corruption may lead to high profits for the company, but since these actions are immoral, these actions are really wrong and no company should indulge in corruption and bribery. Similarly, Mr. Fluor can also convince the other CEO by supporting his point of view with the goodwill associated with the ethical actions of a country. Since, the

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal law - Essay Example The most important thing that needs to be point out in respect of criminal law is that it is based upon actus reus, mens rea and the absence of defences. The element of a reasonable person is required in respect of mens rea and therefore the other element that are required for the offences would not be discussed. Mens rea has been defined as a state of mind, intention or recklessness which is required for a certain crime. There is an ongoing debate and argument in respect of subjectivists and objectivists who tend to argue in different directions. The subjectivists argue that to the minimal level of serious crimes, the mental element that should be required should be awareness of the person’s actions and perceiving the surrounding circumstances as well as the results that would flow from the actus reus. On the contrary, the objectivists the argument rests on the fact that it should be sufficient mens rea if it is proved that a reasonable person would have foreseen the circumstances as well as the results that would flow from the actus reus and would therefore not be dependent on the awareness of the defendant. There have been competing claims which have been put forward by both. In respect of the subjectivists the main argument vests on the fact that there was self governance on the part of the individual who committed the crime and went contrary to the law. The objectivists on the other hand pointed out to the fact that there should be criminal punishment if it is found that his inadvertence was in respect of a substantial and obvious risk of the proscribed harm, which should have been perceived by the defendant. Even though there have been academic opinion that ‘the torch of orthodox subjectivism carried by Glanville Williams and Smith and Hogan and then by the Law Commission should be douse’ (Ashworth, POCL, p.253) it is still what is being followed in respect of serious offences and has been reiterated in the recent case of G1 where Lord Bingham said ‘it is a salutary principle that conviction of serious crime should depend on proof not simply that the defendant caused (by act or omission) an injurious result to another but that his st ate of mind when so acting was culpable. This after all, is the meaning of the familiar rule actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. The most obviously culpable state of mind is no doubt an intention to cause the injurious result, but knowing disregard of an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing an injurious result or a deliberate closing of the mind to such risk would be readily accepted as culpable also. It is clearly blameworthy to do something involving a risk of injury to another...’ Despite of such an obvious favour being given to the subjectivist approach, there have been objectivist elements in respect of serious offences that have been laid down expressly by House of Parliament in particular sexual offences and certain offences related to money laundering. The element of intention are central to mens rea, however, in respect of the current situation the element of recklessness would be discussed. The situation in respect of criminal law has been that for crime s it was either intention or recklessness that would lead to construal of imposition of liability. In respect of recklessness there are two main elements that need to be construed, the first one being that of subjective recklessness and the other is that of objective recklessness. For establishing subjective recklessness the test that was laid down in Cunningham2 needs to fulfilled, which basically requires that an unjustifiable risk was taken as well as proving the fact that the defendant

Interpret the legal factors involved in corporate management and Essay - 1

Interpret the legal factors involved in corporate management and ownership - Essay Example For instance, share holders can sue the board of directors for an act they negligently commit or in breach of set By-laws. Jane, who is a share holder, is aggrieved by the boards’ decision to invest heavily in the company’s growth in negligent reliance on its officer’s financial reports. It is therefore important to establish whether the directors are liable or not while giving reasons for or against this assertion. In establishing liability, the most important consideration is whether the management acted within their authority or not which is derived from the company’s By-laws. This is the main reference in case of any conflict. However, there are general duties expected of officers which seem inherent in all corporations. Directors or officers to any Corporation are expected to perform daily duties with loyalty and obedience. â€Å"Among the daily duties of such workers include strategic planning, putting in place internal controls to ensure proper book keeping, implementing any devised strategies and setting up committees† (Whincup, 1998). The above case reveals a kind of directors who present faulty financial reports and the shareholder on full reliance of the reports incurs considerable losses. The directors in this question acted within their authority since book keeping falls within their job specification. However, they can be discharged from this liability if they can show that they acted in good faith and not in a fraudulent manner. This comes in especially where other persons acted on their behalf. They are however still liable since the acts were committed by their agents. The business judgment rule can be a good defense for the officers. â€Å"The rule immunizes corporate management from liability for actions that are undertaken in good faith, when the actions are within both the power of the corporation and the authority of the management† (Miller, 2011). From the foregoing, the

Poplar Branch by Grace Benedict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poplar Branch by Grace Benedict - Essay Example Similarly, concerning birthdays the poplar tree uncertainty for individuals born between August 5th and 13th. These individuals are associated with characters such as artistic, lonely, lacking confidence and organized. Finally, according to the Heraldry, the poplar tree is significant as representation of strength. Grace Benedict’s artwork is a picture of a poplar tree branch. The artwork is a single branch of the poplar tree with several leaves attached to the branch, but with some falling off the branch. In this artwork, Benedict uses gentleness and smoothness in both the colors and texture, that resonates with the wonderful spirit and significance attached to the poplar tree. Poplar branch represents beauty magnificent spirit that relates to human characters and activities. The smooth and gentleness portrayed in the artwork represent the beautiful nature and role of the poplar branch. Poplar tree has always been known to represent smoothness and gentleness because of the si gnificant role it plays in the society. Therefore, the drawing in this case portrays how it is important for humans to embrace gentleness, which will in turn make life smooth as opposed to rough and rugged. In addition, the painting calls upon the society as a whole to recall the lost memories lost memories and dreams, and through gentleness allow them to thrive and become a reality. In this artwork, the smoothness is represented by the texture, in which looking at the photo it is all clear that both the background and the material used are all smooth in nature. Similarly, gentles is represented by the texture, as well as the colors used in this artwork for the leaves among other characters in this artwork. These represent the nature of the tree, and overall the expected nature of human beings in the society as symbolized by the poplar tree. Therefore, the lesson that we can draw from this technique used by the artist is that we as human beings should give gentles and smoothness a h igh value in our lives and the society as a whole. The tall and extensive nature of the poplar tree branch represented in the artwork reveals that it is fast growing, which gives it symbolic qualities related to human nature. For instance, the tree grows very fast and can grow tall with an extensive root system, and it does not require much coddling to grow fast. This means that the wonderful spirit of the tree teaches human beings how they should dream, and that projects have the ability to manifest quickly and bring great rewards in the shortest time possible. This extends to the possibilities in life that the tree branch represents, which reminds humans that they rise and grow to higher heights, and achieve these possibilities, as well as dreams (Klimt &Kallir 56). Similarly, the extensive nature of the tree that gives it strength teaches individuals how to endure life’s hardships and keep their feet strong on the ground, or on whatever they engage on in life. In addition, it teaches individuals to overcome personal doubts, fear, which may block possible endeavors. The artist uses several colors and a number of leaves in this branch to portray the variety nature of the poplar tree. For instance, some leaves are green with blue shadows while other leaves are white with black shadows. In addition, there are several small branches in the main branch, which

Analysis of Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Macbeth - Essay Example Shakespeare has employed Macbeth as a means to convey his opinion of the way aspiration and guilt affect an individual of weak character. Macbeth may be considered as irreversible evil, though the weakness of his character contrasts with other villains of Shakespeare’s plays including Edmund and Iago in King Lear and Othello respectively in that the latter are strong enough to surmount their own self-doubt and feeling of guilt. â€Å"Probably composed in late 1606 or early 1607, Macbeth [also happens to be] the last of Shakespeare's four great tragedies, the others being Hamlet, King Lear and Othello† (eNotes). Despite being a great warrior, Macbeth is not strong enough to boldly face the psychological consequences of his crime. Macbeth is overcome by guilt and worries before murdering Duncan, so he tends to almost abort the mission but his wife’s objectivity of purposefulness makes him commit the crime. Macbeth says, â€Å"Prithee, peace: I dare do all that may become a man; Who dares do more is none† (Shakespeare 16).

The Individual And The Environment Essay Example for Free

The Individual And The Environment Essay The turn between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries brought enormous changes for the American society, and these changes are cogently reflected in the works of the most important writers of the time. In the light of Frederick Jackson Turner’s theory of the significance of the frontier in the American history, one could argue that the multiple changes that took place at this time were determined, in part, by the closing of the frontier in 1890. The ever expanding frontier had functioned as a catalyzing element for the shaping of the American culture, with its main characteristics, pragmatism and individualism. The frontier, as the limit between wilderness and civilization, may have indeed contributed to the development of pragmatism, just as the closing of the frontier affected the following cultural epoch. After the Civil War and up to the World War I, the American economy developed immensely, to the point that The United States was among the greatest world powers at the beginning of the twentieth century. This was due especially to the ever increasing industrialization of the country, to its capitalism, but also to the great number of immigrants that arrived during this period. While economically the changes were indeed positive and influenced the future of the nation, their social impact was more dramatic. As the main literary works of the time show it, the individual suffered inevitably from alienation, and was overwhelmed and oppressed by the major social and economical fluctuations of the time. Civilization however desired begun to feel as a threat for the individual who lost his sense of identity and felt as a wheel in some greater mechanism. The literary works of the time revealed the pressure that the environment now exercised over the individual. This pressure was even heavier for women, who began to feel that they were not even part of the tumultuous activity of the epoch, since they could not even play an active part in the changes they witnessed. One of the most important writers of the time were thus the early feminists, such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Kate Chopin, and a little later, Edith Wharton. Their novels put the American discriminating society on display, and point to the gender stereotypes that trapped the women into immutable and pre-established social roles. Gilman (2000) discusses the place of the women in society in her work, Women and Economics: â€Å"In spite of the power of the individual will to struggle against conditions, to resist them for a while, and sometimes to overcome them, it remains true that the human creature is affected by his environment, as is every other living thing.[†¦] To take from any community its male workers would paralyze it economically to a far greater degree than to remove its female workers[†¦] This is not owing to lack of the essential human faculties necessary to such achievements, nor to any inherent disability of sex, but to the present condition of woman, forbidding the development of this degree of economic ability. The male human being is thousands of years in advance of the female in economic status. Speaking collectively, men produce and distribute wealth; and women receive it at their hands.† As Gilman suggests, the woman was in no way able to participate in society, and was taken to be a mere recipient of what the man would provide her with. She also infers that this role is not necessarily the natural role of the woman, but actually the one that was forced on her after many centuries of gender discrimination. The women appear to be even more trapped in their environment at this point in American history. Another salient writer of the time, Henry Adams in his book entitled The Education of Henry Adams constructs a very telling image of the American individual crushed by civilization and by his social circumstances: he represents the dynamo as a great force and a symbol that replaced in the American culture the missing pieces of tradition which were respected by the Europeans, such as Venus or the Virgin. The image has feminist implications as well, as Adams (2001) compares the sexless energy of the dynamo with both the Virgin and Venus, symbols of the woman in European tradition: â€Å"All this was to American thought as though it had never existed. The true American knew something of the facts, but nothing of the feelings; he read the letter, but he never felt the law. Before this historical chasm, a mind like that of Adams felt itself helpless; he turned from the Virgin to the Dynamo as though he were a Branly coherer.† Stephen Crane also creates a memorable image of the cruel universe, which seems to care nothing for the individual existence, and which binds everything to its general laws, not minding the separate lives of the people but only the system: â€Å"A man said to the universe: Sir I exist! However, replied the universe, The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation. (Perkins, 1999) Kate Chopin’s The Awakening is perhaps one of the most remarkable works of her time for its audacity, and it accurately gives a view of the individual in general oppressed by the social, inescapable nets and alienated from his primitive, natural state, and even more emphatically, reveals the condition of the woman, which is even worse. The imagery of the novel is fraught with opposite symbols of freedom versus entrapment, and of the human and natural individual, versus the unnatural and artificial society. Edna Pontellier, the protagonist of the story, is the character who undergoes a true awakening by the end of the novel, both as a woman and as an individual who finally escapes the laws of society and returns to the purity of the natural impulses and natural feelings in a human being. As a married woman and mother of two children, Edna is supposed to fill in the role of the perfect mother as society required, which is personified in the novel by Edna’ s friend, Mrs. Adele Ratignolle. The frequent fights that Edna has with her seemingly perfect husband depict even better her pre-established role as a self-sacrificing mother, who is supposed to think of nothing else but childbirth and all the other things related to nursing. From the start, even before her awakening Edna feels the oppression of her environment, although as yet she is not able to pinpoint it to a specific cause: â€Å"An indescribable oppression, which seemed to generate in some unfamiliar part of her consciousness, filled her whole being with a vague anguish.†(Perkins, 1999) This unconscious feeling is not fully understood even by Edna herself, since the women were not used to thinking and feeling as individuals, and to dissent in any way from what was already prescribed as their imposed conduct. Chopin’s insistence that Edna did not fit in her society and that she did not fit the mother profile is very significant, as it points to the sense that women have to be regarded as individuals who are entitled to their own inner lives, and not limited to their nursing activities, that would eventually â€Å"efface† any trace of their personality: â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was not a mother-woman. The mother women seemed to prevail that summer at Grand Isle. It was easy to know them, fluttering about with extended, protecting wings when any harm, real or imaginary, threatened their precious brood. They were women who idolized their children, worshiped their husbands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels.†(Perkins, 1999) The awakening of Edna is exactly her realization that she is a passionate human being, and moreover an individual who can relate to her environment as she chooses, and not on the basis of some foreordained laws of behavior: â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her. This may seem like a ponderous weight of wisdom to descend upon the soul of a young woman of twenty-eightperhaps more wisdom than the Holy Ghost is usually pleased to vouchsafe to any woman.†(Perkins, 1999) Chopin is sharply ironical in the commentary she makes with regard to the unexpected wisdom in her character: for centuries women had been discriminated as individuals and as rational beings who could judge for themselves. The main transformation of Edna consists thus of her flaunting of all the social law, and willingly giving in to adultery to escape from the tyranny of her own husband: â€Å"To-day it is Arobin; to-morrow it will be some one else. It makes no difference to me, it doesnt matter about Leonce Pontellierbut Raoul and Etienne! (Perkins, 1999) However, in the end, before she drowns in the sea, undoubtedly a symbol of liberation, Edna achieves more than asserting her own rights and independence as a female. When she faces the sea, that is her freedom, she turns her back to the entrapping civilization and artificial society and is elated when she discovers her own nakedness, a symbol of the primitive and natural state of man: â€Å"[†¦]she stood naked in the open air, at the mercy of the sun, the breeze that beat upon her, and the waves that invited her. How strange and awful it seemed to stand naked under the sky! how delicious! She felt like some new-born creature, opening its eyes in a familiar world that it had never known.†(Perkins, 1999) Thus, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, American literature displayed the rupture between the individual and his environment, and the alienation of the human beings in the midst of the overpowering civilization. This marked the beginning of the modern, urbane era, in which the developed society is apt to destroy individuality and the basic and natural humanity of every man. Reference List: Adams, Henry (2001) The Education of Henry Adams. Bartelby.com. http://www.bartleby.com/159/25.html Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (2000) Women and Economics. The Celebration of Women’s Writing. http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gilman/economics/economics.html Perkins Charles and Barbara Perkins (1999). The American Tradition in Literature Vol. 1. New York: Mc-Graw Hill College

Induced Electromotive Force in Potatoes | Experiment

Induced Electromotive Force in Potatoes | Experiment I was first introduced to vegetative electric energy during my freshman year in high school, when our chemistry teacher showed a lemon battery at work as we were studying Electrochemistry. I got very intrigued with the idea of generating electricity with lemons, and I later learnt that many organic substances exist which can also produce electricity. The next year of my high school, I heard about the global consumption of power, and how the earths natural resources were getting depleted, and got an idea that if natural organic batteries were developed, the resources of the earth would remain stable. Thus I took up this study to help me explore the possibility of organic fuel cells and its capability of generating electromotive force. For this study I will take potatoes into consideration because of their high acid content and the relative accessibility of it. The acid responsible for the generation of EMF within the potato is Phosphoric acid, but my experiment will deal with what causes the change in the EMF when the potatoes are boiled. Initially I thought the cause lied in the varying concentration of the electrolyte, but upon further study and research found the reason to lie within the cell membranes of the potatoes that get ruptured during the boiling process of the potatoes, thereby varying the EMF generated. After maize, wheat, and rice, potato is the worlds fourth most important food crop with an annual production of more than 323 x 106 tons with more than one-third coming from developing countries. Thus if potatoes do prove to be beneficial asset, it can able easily adopted by those who are lacking electrical infrastructure as part of the daily routine since it is cheap and requires no special skills for assembly. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does the induced electromotive force generated from the potatoes depend on the state of the potato (i.e. Fresh potato vs. Boiled Potato)? INTRODUCTION: The first batteries were researched and invented by Volta when he made a device capable of producing electricity by the mere contact of conducting substances of different species. The invention of Voltaic battery had marked the birth of a new era in the development of modern physics and made a significant change in our lifestyle. Battery technology has without a doubt seen progress, starting from it being dependent on organic/biological matters to it becoming more efficient using inorganic-reaction-based technology. However from the end of the 20th century, biological batteries were just a mere science experiment performed in highs school, however with the growing concern of depleting the earths resources, there has been a new found interest in the development of organic fuel cells. In order to highlight this growing interest, I have performed a study regarding the basic school experiment of a potato battery. For the first part of my study, I will perform the normal experiment by making a potato cell, using Zinc and Copper electrodes and recording the electromotive force (EMF) generated. Now, for the second part, I will boil the potatoes and record the readings of the EMF generated. I will compare the two results, and comment about my observations, and make possible conclusions about why there is a change in EMF generated or why there is no change in EMF generated. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrochemistry deals with the inter-conversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. This study will deal with the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy (Electrochemical Cells). An electrochemical cell mainly consists of two major components: left hand electrode (LHE) and the right hand electrode (RHE). In LHE, oxidation (loss of electron) takes place and is called the anode. In RHE, reduction (gain of electron) takes place and is called cathode. Anode is generally of that metal (or substance) which readily loses electrons (i.e. Oxidized easily). Cathode is a metal which readily accepts electrons (i.e. Reduced easily). There are two specific ways in order to create an electrochemical, voltaic or galvanic cell. Method 1: Put the LHE (anode) into the solution of the electrolyte of the Cathode (containing the ions of the cathode). This allows the anode to loose electrons per atom and the ions present in the electrolyte accept the electrons. Thus, the cathode ions from the solution in this manner get deposited in order to form the metals of the respective cathode and the metal anode goes into the solution as ions. The reaction can be understood with two half-cell reactions: Oxidation M Anode (S) Mn+(aq) Anode+ ne- Reduction: Mn+(aq) Cathode + ne- M Cathode(S) _ ___________________________________________________ Overall Reaction: M Anode(S) + Mn+(aq) Cathode M Cathode (S) + Mn+(aq)Anode Where, M Anode(S) is the element that gets oxidized at the anode, M Cathode(S) is the element that gets reduced at the cathode, ne- is the number of electrons lost/gained during the reaction A rod of that metal is prepared and placed into one of its own solution in LHE to get anode. In RHE, a rod of metal that loses electrons less easily as compared to the metal of LHE is prepared and put into one of the solution to get the cathode. LHE and RHE are also known as two-half cells. Now the electrons move from anode (LHE) to cathode (RHE) and hence a current flow is maintained in the external circuit. This current flow is due to the fact that a potential difference is created this and this is called the E.M.F, electromotive force of a cell. The two separate containers are connected by a inverted tube U shaped tube called as salt bridge. The salt bridge contains solution of strong ionic salts like NaCl, NaNO3 and KCl etc. (salts of most reactive alkali metals) soaked in colloidal solution of agar-gel which only allows movements of ions, not water. The role of the slat bridge is very important as it allows the continuous discharge of the cell. The salt bridge keeps the two solutions electrically neutral to one another. In the Fe-CuSO4 cell, in the left cell as Fe loses electrons, excess of positive charge in the form of Fe2+ is collected near the LHE and as Cu2+ ions gets discharged accepting electrons form Fe in the right hand cell, excess of negative charge in the form of SO42- is accumulated near the RHE. Now the salt bridge provides positive charge to RHE (in form of K+ ions) and negative charge to the LHE (in the form Cl-) and thus bringing about the neutrality of two solutions. If this does not take place, a reverse potential difference is created in the two compartments and thus breaking the continuous supple of voltage (current), which is the purpose of the cell. The efficiency of a cell is determined by the tendency of LHE to loose electrons and the tendency of RHE to accept electrons. A measure of cell efficiency is called as electromotive force (EMF) or the voltage or the difference in potentials of two electrodes. EMF is defined as the difference in the potential across LHE and RHE to which electrons from anode travel to cathode. My experiment consists of the above explanation with regard to a Secondary Battery or also called Galvanic Cell, which uses the main principles of the method mentioned above, but lacks a salt bridge but the cell membranes within the potato act as a salt bridge. The electrolyte in the potatoes is the phosphoric acid which does not actively participate in the reaction, since its main purpose is to make Zn loose electrons by oxidizing it, the potato provides the protons and the Cu plate remains unaffected by the acid bath. My storage battery is the potato, with the anode plate is made up of Zinc (Zn), while the cathode plate is Copper (Cu). The electrolyte which initiates the reaction or makes the reaction possible in potatoes is phosphoric acid (H3PO4). My experiment will involve the use of iron nails (Zn+2/Zn) acting as anode, and copper plates (Cu+2/Cu) as cathode. These are placed in an electrically conductive solution that allows  ions  to travel freely between the two metals in this case potato. The acid steadily eats away at the Zinc, a chemical reaction that releases spare zinc  electrons. These electrons then join with spare  hydrogen ions  in the acid to create hydrogen gas. Meanwhile, the copper remains unaffected even when submerged in acid but as soon as a conducting wire is connected between it and iron electrons flow from copper to Iron. The spare iron electrons are still intent on forming hydrogen gas, but they have an easier time doing it with the hydrogen surrounding the iron anode. So the electrons from the copper cathode travel through the wire to get to the iron. Batteries exploit this flow of electrons, therefore producing induced EMF. In most of the batteries, there is internal resistance which makes it impossible for the battery to produce 100% of its maximum potential difference. The same is applicable for the potato battery in the form of GAII (Galvanic apparent internal impedance, a trait related to both the salt bridge function of a given tissue delineated between electrodes and to the battery internal resistance properties). This electrical impedance can be a classified into further categories which is out of scope of this study. But the concept of GAII is useful as it can explain the relation between the EMF generated from a boiled potato as compared to a fresh potato. Thus the EMF generated from one potato is because of the potential difference created by the electrodes as in the above mentioned cases. But since the number of potatoes remains constant, the reacting species also is constant, i.e. when two potatoes are used, each potato will have an zinc and copper plate, and thus when the zinc gets oxidized by the potatoes, same electrons will enter the iron electrode from the copper, thus EMF generated should be same. But this is where my experiment differs. MY ORIGINALITY: Experiments have already been conducted on fresh potatoes and the induced EMF but, I planned to boil my potatoes and observe the readings of the EMF generated and compare the results obtained from performing the experiment with raw potatoes. The potatoes by default will be similar and will be microwaved in KCl solution for scientific vigor, and then after certain attainment of room temperature, the EMF generated will be recorded. The readings and the graph will make clear weather the boiling of potatoes changes the EMF and what makes the EMF generated to change. MY HYPOTHESIS The induced EMF generated from the experiment being performed with boiled potatoes compared to raw potatoes will decrease since the concentration of phosphoric acid will decrease, since the potatoes are boiled in aqueous solution, thus diluting the already present phosphoric acid, and thus since the concentration of the electrolyte decreases so will the rate of oxidization and reduction, eventually leading to the decrease in the EMF generated. The GAII may also play a part since when the potatoes are boiled the inner temperature of the potato increases causing denaturation and this might affect the flow of electrons thereby affecting the EMF generated. METHOD Battery Design Commercially available potatoes were used throughout, due to ease of accessibility and for economic factors. The mineral composition of the potatoes has been given in Table 1 of the appendix. I compared the EMF generated from cells made of potatoes treats as follows Raw/Fresh/untreated Boiled/treated For the preparation of the Galvanic cell, the potatoes in both cases were cut into 5x2x2cm and were sandwiched between the Iron and Copper plates. Potato Denaturation by Boiling I compared the electrical energy generated from untreated potatoes compared to that of treated potatoes. For scientific vigour, I immersed the sliced potatoes in 1 mol dm-3 KCl solution and microwaved at 800W for 5 minutes. Measurement of EMF The amount of EMF (V) generated was evaluated using a Vernier Lab Quest connected to the cell. The measurement was also taken for Current (I) and Power (P). These measurements were taken over a period of 2 hours over a constant load of equal resistance. In order to prevent the potato coming in contact with air it was covered with Parafilm in order to reduce drying and oxidation. VARIABLES INDEPENDANT VARIABLES: The independent variable in this experiment is the potatoes, or the state of the potatoes i.e. boiled or fresh. Thus the experiment will be carried out with fresh potatoes, and then further into boiled potatoes., For similar concentration, and volume of acid in potatoes, similar sized potatoes were taken so that the result will not deviate. The potatoes act as independent batteries, providing induced EMF as they are connected in series. The reason they act as a battery is because the copper and zinc electrode undergo redox reactions in the presence of the acid which acts as an electrolyte, which creates a potential difference and this is calculated to be EMF DEPENDANT VARIABLES: The dependant variable is the EMF generated by the potatoes when arranged in series. It will be measured with a Vernier Lab Quest which is connected to the computer The potential difference will be calculated, between the two extremes of the electrodes (anode and cathode => Zinc and copper plate). This given criteria is same for both the set up. The unit of measure is the Volt. The readings will be taken for two hours for each. CONTROLLED VARIABLES: The apparatus used was same throughout the experiment, since this will reduce mean deviation and the calculations will be done with respect to the other readings therefore, error is less The temperature in the room was controlled and was kept at 300K and this is with respect to the room temperature and not the temperature of the potato. The arrangement of the potatoes and the beakers was done in series since that would accurately judge between the EMF discrepancies between boiled and unoiled potatoes. Similar sized potatoes were taken in the hopes that the concentration of phosphoric acid would be similar; therefore the readings will not have much discrepancy relative to each other. When the potatoes were boiled, all were boiled to the same temperature, for the same amount of time, and were removed from the water bath at approximately the same time The apparatus was cleaned thoroughly before performing each experiment so as to reduce discrepancies in the readings, with respect to other readings. The amount of insertion of the Iron and copper into the potato was same throughout all the experiments at 3 ±0.1cm. The potatoes were all sliced up into the following dimension 5 x 2 x 2 cm and were sandwiched between the electrodes. The part of the potato exposed to the air was covered with Parafilm in order to prevent the potato from drying and reduction. CONSTANT VARIABLE: The copper plate and the iron nails used were the same throughout the experiment, so was the location where the experiment took place so as to keep all errors due to pressure and temperature constant. The same water bath was used to boil the potatoes, in order to keep the potatoes at constant temperature with regard to each other. The time taken for recording the EMF generated from the potatoes in both cases was taken as 2 hours. DATA AND GRAPHS ACTUAL REACTIONS TAKING PLACE Oxidation: Zn: Zn Zn++ + 2e- , E0 = 0.76V, Reduction: Cu: 2H+ + 2e- H2 , E0 = 0.00V Overall: Zn + 2H+ Zn++ + H2, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬   E0 = 0.76V REASON FOR THE REACTIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA My results conclude that Zn electrode and the reduction of hydrogen at the Cu electrode are the dominating reactions which give rise to EMF, Current Density and the potential difference. Maximum power delivered by boiled potato cells with ruptured membranes may reach values an order of magnitude higher than that generated by untreated potato. When the data was compared, a direct relationship between the ability of the potato battery to deliver power and GAII (Galvanic apparent internal impedance, a trait related to both the salt bridge function of a given tissue delineated between electrodes and to the battery internal resistance properties) becomes evident. The significant increase in electric energy generation with membrane destruction shows that the ionic diffusivity through the tissue bridge between electrodes is the reason behind this phenomenon, as effective diffusivity of protons increases with membrane rupture. In contrast, the rate of proton flux is reduced when cell membranes are intact probably due to the tortuosity of the extracellular space as well as the equivalent reduction in the concentration of the electrolytes per unit volume when the intracellular fluids do not actively participate in the ionic transport. CONCLUSION: From the data and the graphs it is clearly visible that my hypothesis was inaccurate, since the EMF generated did not decrease with the boiling of potatoes, but increased and also lasted longer under the same external load compared to the fresh potato. The potato serves only as a medium for the movements of electrons from the zinc electrode. The potato supplies the protons thus generating electricity. Fresh potatoes do it, but the strong internal resistance makes it very inefficient. Boiling the potato destroys membranes and possibly some part of the cell walls, thus reducing significantly the internal resistance and increase 10 folds the generation of power. The bio electrolytic low power electrical energy source introduced in this study brings an dimension to the utilization of the globally fourth most abundant crop accessible essentially all over the world, made of solid components and requires low financial investment compared with solar or conventional batteries. EVALUATION: The experiment was conducted in a non-ideal conditions which could lead to errors:~ Systematic Error: The Parafilm had foreign bodies or had an unwanted flaw which could have not given me an accurate reading The reading of the electronic balance may also have a manufacturing defect, thereby leading to a difference in the times taken. The lab quest may be defective or may have been inaccurate which may have given inaccurate results. The microwave may not have operated throughout the five minutes at 800W, thus leading to a variation in the temperature achieved by the potato in order to break the cell membrane. Random Errors: There might have been a gap or hole in the Parafilm leading to increased drying of the potato thereby affecting the EMF generated. Human parallax error when adjusting the volume of the solutions by taking only the lower meniscus. The apparatus used may contain remnants of other chemicals leading to an impure solution. The temperature of the room was taken to be constant, but there might have been fluctuation in the actual temperature thus leading to heat loss, and null results. The electronic balance might not have been zeroed out to take the new reading or might have had impurities which could have given inaccurate readings The microwave may not have run for exactly 5 minutes, thus leading to different boiling degrees EMF of the potato was taken every 3 seconds from the start of the reaction and thus the increase/decrease would not be exactly accurate, leading to a discrepancy in data.