Multi-Alternative Decision Making - 1227 Words

Introduction Some economists assume that people make a choice according to the principle of value maximisation and the ordering of the options is independent of the context. However, there are anomalies of decision making suggesting that the context matters. The three basic anomalies are the similarity effect (Tversky, 1972), the attraction effect (Huber, Payne and Puto, 1982) and the compromise effect (Simonson, 1989). Theorists have tried explaining these effects by various approaches. For example, the multi-alternative decision field theory (Roe, Busemeyer and Townsend, 2001) can explain all the three effects. In addition, Tversky (1972) applied the elimination by aspects model to illustrate the similarity effect and Tversky and Simonson (1993) introduced a componential context model to explain the attraction and compromise effects. The next section reviews the three anomalies of multi-alternative decision making. Then we illustrate how the three theories mentioned above explain t he anomalies. After that, the decision field theory is compared with the other two models respectively. Three context effects in decision making In real life, we may make choices among various options with a large number of attributes. For simplicity, we use five options with only two attributes to demonstrate the three anomalies as Figure 1 shows. Figure 1 Figure 1 - An example of the problem of choosing among options according to two attributes, which are represented by theShow MoreRelatedIntegrated Criteria Decision Making And Multi Criteria Aggregation1609 Words   |  7 PagesPrioritized Multi-Criteria Decision Making and Multi-Criteria Aggregation By Rizwan Umaid Ali Student # 3494784 Multi-Criteria decision making (MCDM) is an area of Artificial Intelligence which provides capabilities to assess complex decision problems. The decisions can depend on our preferences of some criteria over others. In this report, we analyze formulations of MCDM and Multi-Criteria Aggregation. To further understand this, we also see how we calculate prioritized measure of Multi-CriteriaRead MoreMulti Criteria ( Or ) Attribute Decision Making ( Mcdm / Madm ) Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesMulti-criteria (or) attribute decision making (MCDM/MADM) methods have very high applications in industries for solving real world engineering problems. In the present work, MCDM methods of weighted sum method (WSM), Weighted Products Method (WPM) and TOPSIS, have been employed for the computational analysis of multi-responses. AA7075 has been taken as work piece for the experimentation and the experiments were done on CNC lathe as per the Taguchi’s standard L9 Orthogonal Array. The cutting parametersRead MoreEvaluating The Performance Of E Waste Recycling Programs Using Fuzzy Multi Attribute Group Decision Making Model1522 Words   |  7 PagesRecycling Programs using Fuzzy Multi-attribute group Decis ion Making Model† Haokun Li hli120@illinois.edu â€Æ' Contents Introduction 4 Performance Evaluation 5 (1) Define Criterions 5 (2) Score the Criterions 6 (3) Compute Weighting Factors 7 (4) Computing Weighted Matrix 8 (5) Find Positive and Negative Ideal Solutions 8 (6) Compute Overall Performance Index 8 Conclusions 9 References 10 â€Æ' Abstract: A fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making model is reviewed. Some typos inRead MoreThe Sustainability Of The Supplier1475 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen an important decision that affects the organisation objectives. So researches have been conducted and case studies have been explored and investigated to reach the optimal approach to select a supplier that satisfies both customers and stakeholders and to achieve the organisation goals. Therefore, a multi-criteria decisionmaking process should be adapted to execute supplier selection operation properly. Resources selection needs to go through many steps to assist decision-makers to do theirRead MoreJob Selection Is A Problem Faced With Everyone After Graduation1208 Words   |  5 Pagessuitable for him. Background Multi-Ctiteria Decision Analysis is simply called MCDA which is a very useful tool that the user can employ to many compound decisions. MCDA is an aid to integrating objective measurement with value judgment (Belton and Stewart, 2003), also, it can be used in a variety of different problems and field, such as ranking, scaling, assessment, and design. It is most suitable to fix problems which are featured as a selection among those alternatives. Meanwhile, MCDA has all theRead MoreWhere Is Facilities Location For A Favorable Site Location?1106 Words   |  5 Pagesand explore greater markets. The research has explored factors such as areas population, demand (present and future), and other factors affecting facility location. The methodological approaches employed are multiple attributives in nature and alternative ranking quantitative methods. This work offers risk evaluation methods, as an indispensable factor in facility location. I present it as a basic step for site identification that proceeds expensive and complex natural disaster simulations providedRead MoreMultiple Criteria Decision Analysis1777 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 2 Vendor Evaluation and Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis 2.1 Vendor Evaluation Supplier or vendor selection decisions are complicated by the fact that various criteria must be considered in decisions making process. The analysis of criteria for selection and measuring the performance of suppliers has been the focus of many scientists and purchasing practitioners since 1960s. The majority of research about supplier selection problem mentions Dickson’s study [9]. It is based on a questionnaireRead MoreIntroduction And Objectives Of The Study. Introduction1149 Words   |  5 Pagestemporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. Selecting projects is often a difficult task. Usually there are more than one dimension for measuring the impact of each project and especially when there is more than one decision maker. The criteria being considered always vary from one contractor to another. Some may only consider the revenue and value of project, whilst some may focus on its financial of owner, knowledge of supervisor and so on. Construction projects oftenRead MoreThe Properties Of Soft Multi Sets1529 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract—In this paper we define some properties of soft multi sets. We also define soft multi set topology, its interior exterior, boundary and their properties. We establish several important resul ts in mathematical modeling of spacial objects using fuzzy soft interior, fuzzy soft exterior, fuzzy soft boundary. Keywords—Fuzzy Sets, Soft Sets, Multi Sets, Fuzzy Topology. I. INTRODUCTION (Heading 1) We may have to face vagueness in most of the engineering, physics, computer sciences, economicsRead MoreSteps Of The Administrative Model Of Decision- Making857 Words   |  4 Pages There are five steps of the Administrative Model of Decision- Making. The initial steps of the model is to recognize and define the problem or issue. In this step the administrator recognizes and is aware of the potential difficulties of the problem. The administration defines the problem down in short and long term problem areas. Effective administrators are sensitive to organizational actions and attitudes that do not measure up to the prescribed standards. (pg.32) The recognition and definition

This Essay Will Examine The Differentiation That David

This essay will examine the differentiation that David Hume poses between natural and artificial virtues. I will first explain what Hume considers as a sense of virtue and whether this sense of virtue is natural. Then, I will discuss four distinctions he made between natural virtues and artificial virtues. I will discuss Mackie’s objection against one of Hume’s distinctions and argue why Mackie’s objection is ineffective. Finally, I will present a possible objection that concerns Hume’s third distinction, consider how Hume might response to the objection, and defend his response. According to Hume, to feel a sense of virtue is to â€Å"feel a satisfaction of a particular kind from the contemplation of a character† (3.1.2.3). This feeling,†¦show more content†¦The first distinction he makes is that natural virtues arise out of implanted instincts while artificial virtues are â€Å"not derived from nature, but [arise] necessarily from education and human conventions† (3.2.1.17). In other words, natural virtues are dispositions that people inherently have and naturally endorse, but artificial virtues are dispositions that people acquire by acting in accordance with human conventions that are products of human invention. For instance, to feed one’s own children is a natural virtue based on natural instincts – a mother doesn’t breastfeed her child out of conformity to societal rules, but out of instinctive, maternal love for her child. However, integrity, an artificial virtue, doesn’t arise from instinctual senti ment. To promise to return one’s debt to the bank isn’t an instinctive reflex, but originates from one’s respect for societal conventions and the society’s approbation of a trustworthy person. The second distinction is that natural virtues are partial while artificial virtues are impartial. A man naturally loves his closest families and friends more than strangers (3.2.2.8). If A has 3 apples, and there are 6 people starving (3 family members of A and 3 strangers), A would naturally give these 3 apples to his family members rather than strangers. However, artificial virtues like justice areShow MoreRelatedRelevance of Adornos Philosophy within Todays Culture of Popular Music841 Words   |  3 Pagesfurthering in essays about Tin Pan Alley and jazz-orientated variations of it. 2 Theodor Adorno Meets The Cadillacs is an article by Bernard Gendron that discusses the implications of Adorno’s lie in technological advances tends to promote individuality of music styles. Max Paddison suggests in The Critique Criticised: Adorno and Popular Music that there is substance of value within Adorno’s theory that can be appropriated into a more advanced concept of analysin g popular music. This essay will imploreRead MoreCountry Road Essay example1130 Words   |  5 Pagesobstacles which hindered their success in the US. 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The motive of this essay is to determine the historic and political sources for the Rwandan Genocide through an â€Å"ethnic lens† in order to ascertain whether â€Å"ethnic division† was in fact the source for the cruelties, or was just an aspect of the conflict. First, the ideasRead MoreResearch Essay: Power and Negotiation2255 Words   |  10 Pagesexperienced mediator deal with this problem? Provide practical examples where appropriate. The issue of power is inherent in negotiations. In most negotiated conflict situations, one party has more power than another. They may use their greater share of power to shape and manipulate a negotiation to achieve their desired objectives. Furthermore, when the power differential is substantial, this usually has a significant effect on both the substance and process of the dispute. This imbalance in power can

Accounting Standards and Regulations for Impairment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Standards and Regulations for Impairment. Answer: According to the AASB 136 and IAS 36 rules of Impairment, business organizations do not have the right to write down the assets in the financial statements in a value that is higher than its recoverable amount (Guthrie Pang, 2013). The recoverable value of the assets is more among the used value and the fair value is lower than the disposal cost. Some intangible assets and goodwill are the exceptional case. In case the organizations can get the indication of their asset impairment, it is required for the organizations to conduct the test of impairment. In case the assets are not able to generate any cash flow, then the test can be conducted for the cash-generating unit and this process is largely independent compared to the other assets. At the end of the financial years, the business organizations need to assess whether there is any indication of asset impairment. In case, there is any indication about asset impairment, business organizations need to measure the recoverable amount. Different types of indications can be seen for asset impairment (Linnenluecke et al., 2015). They can be categories in external sources and internal sources. External Sources Reduction in the asset market value Negative changes in various aspects like laws, markets, economics and technologies Market interest rate increase Higher amount of net assets of the companies when compared to market capitalization Internal Sources Case of obsolesce or physical damage The asset is die for disposal or the asset is idle for restructuring Negative performance of the company Required Evidence for Myers Asset Impairment Testing Asset Flow: According to the provided data flow of Myer, it can be seen that the flow of all stores of the company has either increased or been stable. In addition, there is not any trend of reduction in the assets over the past one year. Thus, there is not any indication for impairment (DArcy Tarca, 2016). Asset Base: From the information of Myers asset base, it can be seen that there has not been any alteration in the assets and in the last few years, the percentage of contribution of the assets towards the net assets more or less the same. Thus, there is not any indication for impairment (Ji, 2013). Asset Turnover: After taking into consideration the asset turnover ratio of Myer, it can be observed that over the last five years, the asset turnover ratio of the company has been moving around 1.41 to 1.76. Thus, it can be see that there are not any significant fluctuations in the assets turnover ratio of the company over the last five years. Hence, from this test, it is also proved that there is not any indication of impairment (DArcy Tarca, 2016). Required Procedure for the Determination of Impairment According to the AASB 136 rules of Asset Impairment, business organizations need conduct the asset impairment test on yearly basis and Myer has been complying with this rule over the years. At the time of testing the asset impairment, Myer has found the recoverable amount with the help of discounted cash flow model. Based on the annual budget of Myer, this particular model uses to forecast the cash flow as per the approval of the management for the period of five years. In addition, with the help of terminal growth rate, the cash flows for the period of more than five years are extrapolated (Gros Koch, 2015). The key assumptions of this model are as follows: Pre-tax rate of discount at 14.4% Terminal growth rate at 2.5%, and Operational gross profit margin at 39.5% Thus, the management of the company determines the future cash flow level for the assets carrying value for the CGU of the company during the consideration period. In addition, the management of the company has also determined each store carrying value; and they are undertaken and indentified in the existence of assets impairment. In case there is any indication of asset impairment, the measurement of assets recoverable value is done with the help of discounted cash flow model. Consistency can be seen in the major assumptions and the above-mentioned assumptions (Zhuang, 2016). Thus, it can be said that for the year ended 2016, there is not any indication of asset impairment at the stores of Myer. Required Information for Impairment Determination Some other information is required for the determination of impairment of Myer Holdings Limited. They are as follows: In case it can be observed that there is an indication for asset impairment, then it is required to determined recoverable amount of the assets and the assets cash generation. When the recoverable amount is less than the carrying value of the assets, there is an indication of CGU or asset impairment. The recoverable amount of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful life or the value of the intangible assets that are not ready to be used on the date of reporting, are needed to be valued at the end of each year at least for once, irrespective of the fact that whether there is any indication for impairment or not (Kabir, Rahman Su, 2017). In order to measure the value, the recoverable amount needs to be higher in the used value and fair value that is less than the selling cost. The amount of loss caused from the asset impairment is considered as the expenses and they come under the profit and loss account and needs to be carried out on cost basis. Under the permission of IAS 16 PPE (IAS 16) and intangible assets (IAS 38), the impacted assets are first revalued and then recognized as comprehensive income (Detzen, Stork genannt Wersborg Zlch, 2016). There is a requirement of wide disclosure for the impairment and recognition of loss in impairment. It is needed to reverse the impairment losses that are recognized in the last year for goodwill and others assets. It needs to be done in case there is any alteration regarding the determination of recoverable amount of the assets. Availability of Flexibility from Management for Impairment Determination From the analysis of the various aspects of the company, it can be seen that the management of Myer has great flexibility for carrying out assets impairment tests for each of the financial years. According to the rules and regulations of AASB 136, the management of the company provides assurance about carrying on the impairment tests of the assets at least once in a year (Malone, Tarca Wee, 2016). In addition, determination can be seen from the end of the companys management on different aspects like the determination of future cash flows of the company that carries the value of the assets of CGU of Myer. Apart from this, it is the responsibility of Myers management to review the carry out value of each of the stores of the company and the management needs to make it sure that whether there is any indication of impairment or not. In case the management finds any indication of impairment, it is needed to measure the recoverable amount of the assets with the help of discounted cash fl ow model. In this situation, it can be seen that there is collaboration between the major assumptions and above-mentioned assumptions of the asset impairment. In addition, it can also be seen that the management of the company uses to determine the value regarding recoverable amounts of the cash generating units based on VIU approach (Toms, 2012). Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be said that the management of Myer Holding Limited plays an active role in determining the impairments of assets of the company. On the other hand, the management of Myer actively complies with all the rules and regulations of AASB 136 in order to carry out various processes to determine the impairment of assets of the company. References DArcy, A., Tarca, A. (2016).Reviewing goodwill accounting research: What do we really know about IFRS 3 and IAS 36 implementation effects. Working paper. Detzen, D., Stork genannt Wersborg, T., Zlch, H. (2016). Impairment of Goodwill and Deferred Taxes Under IFRS.Australian Accounting Review,26(3), 301-311. Gros, M., Koch, S. (2015). Goodwill Impairment Test Disclosures Under IAS 36: Disclosure Quality and its Determinants in Europe. Guthrie, J., Pang, T. T. (2013). Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), 216-231. Ji, K. (2013). Better late than never, the timing of goodwill impairment testing in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(4), 369-379. Kabir, H., Rahman, A. R., Su, L. (2017). The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. Linnenluecke, M. K., Birt, J., Lyon, J., Sidhu, B. K. (2015). Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), 911-929. Malone, L., Tarca, A., Wee, M. (2016). IFRS non?GAAP earnings disclosures and fair value measurement.Accounting Finance,56(1), 59-97. Toms, S. (2012). Accounting based risk measurement: An alternative to CAPM derived discount factors. Zhuang, Z. (2016). Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), 289-294.

Nintendo Marketing Report Essay Example

Nintendo Marketing Report Paper Report on Nintendo plc Table of contents Table of contents2 Introduction3 Exchange process4 P. E. S. T. E. L Analysis5 Segmenting markets6 Marketing information and research7 Product Anatomy8 Product Life Cycle9 New product development10 References12 Introduction Nintendo is the worldwide innovator in the creation of interactive entertainment. Based in Kyoto, Japan, Nintendo, Co, Ltd manufactures and markets hardware and software for its Wii, Nintendo DS, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo GameCube systems. Since 1983, Nintendo has sold nearly 2. billion video games and more than 420 million hardware units globally, and has created industry icons like Mario, Donkey Kong, Metroid, Zelda and Pokemon. Founded on September 23, 1983 by Fusajiro Yamauchi Nintendo has since The exchange process (Transactional marketing) The exchange process is essentially the â€Å"bottom line† when looking at the principles of marketing from an organisational perspective. Followed closely by profitabilit y, transactional marketing can be recognised within both popular and accepted definitions of marketing. Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer requirements profitably. (Chartered Institute of Marketing 2001) †¢Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives. (American Marketing Association 1985) The exchange process is identified specifically within the (AMA) definition where it refers to exchange as a result or goal of correct practice of pricing, promotion and distribution of goods and services. Below are a couple of examples of the transaction process when customers purchase Nintendo products. When a customer buys a Nintendo product they are entering into a luxury good transaction. This means that the customer is spending a fairly substantial amount of money. With this in mind the customer must have preconceptions and expectations of what they will get from the product. These will either come from advertisements or past experiences. Specifically, if an individual is willing to pay over a hundred pounds for a pocket sized Gameboy, the product must in turn provide the desired output which in this case is fun. We will write a custom essay sample on Nintendo Marketing Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nintendo Marketing Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nintendo Marketing Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Transactional marketing is simply the customer and organization entering into a deal where both parties receive something of value. Nintendo have recently expanded their market to include families and people of all ages. The reason for this expansion is the Nintendo Wii. This product can harbour up to 4 players and Nintendo have released an advertising campaign showing families enjoying product together. In exchange for their cash families and individuals are made aware that the Nintendo Wii will provide fun for years to come. P. E. S. T. E. L Analysis PoliticalEnvironmentalSocioculturalTechnologicalEconomicsLegal Health and safety is a key area the government look for when scrutinising companies. A way in which they are doing this is to ensure that all products pass strict Quality standards. Like all other major corporations Nintendo is subject to intense global pressure to go â€Å"greener† and protect the environment. According to the official Nintendo website all factories and offices recycle paper, plastic and cardboard and In all their shipping they use recyclable goods. Nintendo have recently been targeting older markets with their DS console. Games and applications such as brain age and Sudoku have been enticing sales from the over 25 market. (Note reference A. )During recent years Nintendo have had the majority market share of the portable videogame market. Yet it is currently in direct competition with Apple and the I-phone. (Note reference B)Nintendo’s quarterly profit rose by 31. 5 percent since last year, (2008) from 90. 63 billion yen a year earlier to 119. 19 billion yen. Thats roughly 500 million pounds. (Figures from www. itfacts. biz) Nintendo is involved with many legal issues to mainly ensure the safety of their products; Copyrights. Trademarks Patents Counterfeits Liscences. Etc. British and Quality standards are safeguards put in place to ensure that any products released into the UK market are safe for use or consumption. Nintendo have to take into consider many things when concern with quality standards. Nintendo have contracts with vendors to ensure proper recycling of all electrical goods. Products no longer include styrofoam in either software or hardware. Nintendo have greater than 99% recycling rate of all product returns and repair parts. They also offer a take back programme with consumers for all older products. The generic gamer market is males aged 18-34. After releasing the Nintendo Wii this market has expanded significantly. It is now common for a households and even pubs to incorporate The Wii entertainment system. Nintendo have been continuously innovative within the last 20 years and the technology introduced within the Nintendo Wii has proved highly effective in keeping ahead of its direct competitors; (Xbox, Playsatation 3)Sales of the Wii have jumped by 51 percent since Q1 2008 to 5. 17 million units since April. In the same quarter, PS3 sales reached 1. 56 million units and Xbox 360 shipments hit 1. million units. (Figures from www. itfacts. biz) A copyright gives the owner of the product exclusive rights to sell and reproduce it, Nintendo has copyrights over software, game visual display, game music, game characters etc. Two of the main issues associated with Nintendo’s products are ; Electrical goods and Safe for use of children. Nintendo also have their own company stand ards. (Ref D)Nintendo products tend to have long-lasting value, as many consumers hang on to them long after having upgraded to new consoles or hand held units, accessories or software. For used, working Nintendo products, there are a variety of online options to sell these products to interested fans. Specifically Nintendo has approached the female market by introducing applications for the Nintendo DS where users can follow recipes and watch videos while doing so. It has been said that up to 80% of the Nintendo Wii users are female. The Nintendo Wii is the only games console to date where physical activity has been introduced. In many people’s opinions the Wii fit games have arrived at right time within a health conscious society. Nintendo is taking up the largest market share of all the competitors within the global video game market, this recent influx is largely due to the success of the Nintendo Wii. A patent is a grant of the exclusive right in an invention for a period of time. Nintendo owns many software, hardware and design patents. (Reference A) ‘More than three million copies of Brain Age have been sold in Japan since 2004, and more than two-thirds of the buyers were older than 25. The U. S. version will cost $20 at Best Buy and other retailers. SEAN ONEILL’ Apr 2006. (Reference B) Nintendo, whose gadgets and software dominate the portable-videogame market, faces the greatest risk from the emergence of Apples iPhone and iPod Touch as gaming platforms. But Mr. Iwata says attempts to create a rivalry between the two companies make him uncomfortable, because he says it isnt true. He argues the companies appeal to different consumers. Yet Apple has made clear that it intends to go after Nint endos turf’ (Daisuke Wakabayashi. Nov 11, 2009) (Reference C) This Official seal of quality shows the consumer that the product is authentic. Segmenting markets (Psychographic) Geographic segmentation is dividing the market depending on its location. Nintendo is a worldwide corporation so it needs to be able to acknowledge all areas of the developed world. The global marketing strategy of the Nintendo Wii, is concentrated mainly on Nintendo’s three key markets of Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (US). Demographic segmentation tells us specifically about the customer, they profile the customer into age, gender, race, income, occupation and social status. Nintendo have recently expanded their market targeting specifically women nd the over 25s. Geo-demographic can be defined by combining the above two segments. This particularly helps organisations to understand how and where their customers live. Behavioural segmentation takes into account the buyers relationship with the product. Factors such as benefits sought, usage rate, loyalty, attitudes and buyer readiness all come into behavioral segmentation. Multivariable segmentation refers to using a number of different variables and types of segmentation to develop a rich profile of a target group of customers. Nintendo undertake this process to access any underlying target market. Psychographic segmentation is also known as lifestyle segmentation. Psychographics go deeper than other variables and attempt to engage the customer on more of an emotional level. ‘The term lifestyle is used in its widest sense to cover not only demographic characteristics, but also attributes to life beliefs and aspirations’ (Brassington and Pettitt 2008, p. 205) With this in mind the marketer can make calculated assumptions about a lifestyle group’s buying habits or traits. In 2001 Mazzoli carried out extensive market research in France to identify and understand various lifestyle groups. After the research had been carried out he found that six lifestyle groups had emerged. (Brassington and Pettitt 2008 p. 203) Although the participants made up a small fraction of the French population, it was useful information because the groups clearly reflected a much larger number. It is also common for marketers to break this segment down into 4 bits; Activities, interests, opinions and demographics. It is important for Nintendo to be conscious of its target market’s activities because this is essentially what they are tapping into and emulating with their products. When the Wii was first released it was targeted at the younger gamer market (Males aged 12-25). The games that were introduced at this stage included Wii sports, bowling, golf, and the generic Nintendo games such as Mario cart. By releasing games such as these Nintendo put themselves at risk of closing off large sectors of potential markets. With many consumers the Wii was perceived as a â€Å"kiddie console†, this was not their aim. Nintendo has countered this by expanding their market to include older generations and females which they have done so successfully. So successfully in fact that the number of female users of the Wii now far surpasses males, (Note table A) Table A POLARIS MARKETING RESEARCH COMPANY2EUROPE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH COMPANY Customer satisfaction surveys. Polaris offers a service where they conduct a huge number of customer satisfaction surveys. This is done in a number of ways including telephone, internet, IVR, and mail. This would be very useful to Nintendo because it would provide them with valuable customer feedback. 2Europe provides a full range of qualitative marketing research services across Europe including, focus groups, face to face and telephone executive depth interviews. 2Europe provides focus group venues of research partners in each European country, Nintendo are a global company so relations within foreign countries is very important. This will help to familiarise them with markets of different cultures and also public opinion. Unlike Polaris, 2Europe can help the organisations with Business to Business interviews. This would be beneficial to Nintendo as deals need to be made with wholesalers and distributors on a worldwide scale. Brand research and planning, Polaris state ‘Brands exist in the marketplace and as such there are three separate sets of forces working on your brand and determining how it is perceived in the marketplace. First is your company and the actions you are taking in the marketplace, next is your competitors and the actions they are taking for their brands and against yours. Finally, economic and social trends impact your brand. ’ Polaris claim to make your brand robust within current and future markets. Nintendo is one of the most successful brands in the world and thus does not require any external brand management. 2Europe also provides a range of qualitative research capabilities. These include face to face street interceptors, mall tests, Online surveys and telephone interviews. Quantitative research is predominantly the most reliable type of market research as it puts the company and its customers in direct contact. The data collected will be put into manageable charts and tables so the company can understand the results. This type of research is often required when companies are trying out new products and because Nintendo is a continuously innovative organisation it would be essential for it to undertake some sort of quantitative research. Employee Surveys Measure Employee Satisfaction, Polaris will conduct employee satisfaction surveys that will measure the organizational communication of the company emphasizing the downward and upward communication in the organization. This could prove very valuable to Nintendo as they are a large organisation and ‘it is an organization’s employees who influence the behaviour and attitudes of customers, and it is customers who drive an organization’s profitability through the purchase and use of its products. ’ (Research from Northwestern University)As indicated within the title, 2Europe are an international research company who attract businesses hoping to understand and work within the European market. This can at times seem like an insurmountable task and the barriers that often occur are languages, culture, local economy and lack of communication. Europe have put together a four step programme to minimise the risks. ‘Appoint an experienced project manager, Establish a clear ‘Implementation Process’. Create a baseline for analysis. Minimise the variables’ (2Europe marketing research official website) Nintendo are aware of their three most successful and import ant markets; Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and United States of America (US). In order to be more successful within central Europe It would be beneficial for Nintendo to incorporate a programme Similar to the one 2Europe offers. Customer Retention part of Customer Lifestyle Research, A customer lifecycle market research survey program could included surveying prospective customers, competitors customers, new customers, loyal customers and previous (lost) customers. Conducting these surveys could possibly make Nintendo aware of why they have lost customers to their competitors. This is important information because in order to stay ahead of your competitors Nintendo must understand what they are doing to entice customers from the same market,Similarly to Polaris, 2Europe recognise the importance of employee loyalty and satisfaction. Ways in which this can be measured is by asking employees for their feedback, Finding out how the employees rate key aspects of the organisation often provides the senior managers with valuable information on how to improve employee satisfaction. Nintendo currently have 3400 employees worldwide and to ignore their input would be counterproductive. With growing evidence to suggest employee satisfaction directly correlates with customer satisfaction it would seem wise for Nintendo to pay attention to this area of research. Anatomy of a product When looking at the anatomy of a product for Nintendo or any other organisation, it important to break the anatomy down into four key sections; core product, tangible product, augmented product and potential product. Nintendo’s current core product is the Wii console. The console on its own is obsolete and without such augmented products such as games and controllers the customers will be distinctly unsatisfied. However, when the console is used in conjunction with these products the core benefit of the product comes to life. As previously stated the Wii is an expensive luxury good and its main purpose is to provide the user(s) with endless interactive fun. The core product is a durable product meaning it will last for years and have multiple uses. Although the Wii is currently retailing at ? 169. 99 it is a relatively low risk product, this is because the customer will have used the product before purchase and Nintendo offers warranties and easily available repairs. With many customers the brand name Nintendo is linked with providing hardwearing quality goods, this is assumed by its millions of loyal customers worldwide. The tangible product is essentially the marketer turning the core product into a real product which embodies the core benefit. In the case of the Nintendo Wii the tangilble product includes product features, quality level and branding and packaging. The features the Wii boasts are Wii sports, a set of interactive games that emulate real sports including golf, boxing and tennis. Quality level can be related to the visual display of the console. The graphics of the gameplay, clear crisp pictures are more likely to encapsulate the user. The augmented product represents add-ons to the existing product. This is very important within the gamer market as successful augmented products can boost the sales of the core product. For example if a videogame is released exclusively on the Nintendo Wii and it brings in lots of revenue, customers who don’t own a Wii console will purchase one just to play this game. The Wii is often sold in packages including games and controllers. Customers are commonly subject to marketing ploys by Nintendo where they will have to buy various augmented products such as memory sticks and rumble packs. Customers are lead to believe these products will intensify the gaming experience. The three previous sections have described the product as it is now where as the potential product describes the product as where it could be in the future. If we look at the Wii when it was first released it was directly aimed at the younger gamer. After Nintendo’s successful market expansion it is now used by people of all generations and genders. This is a result of correct use of product potential when the product was in the early stages. Product mangement (Product life cycle) There are four key stages within the product life cycle and it is important to think of the product’s life within the market. These four stages are introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Introduction, when a product begins its life within a market, sales will be slow and profit will more often than not be negative. The speed in which sales and profit increase is a reflection of how well the product has been promoted and the levels of anticipation created. The marketer’s main aim within the introduction stage is to create wide spread awareness within the selected market it is essential that within the introduction phase the correct promotion is fulfilled because this could prove extremely damaging to sales and profit if the introduction stage is prolonged. Then Growth stage is where the sales begin to increase significantly, this could be because product awareness is spreading rapidly and reputation is building. This is also the stage where profits begin to rise quickly, in many cases this can be due to repeat purchases, but in the case of the Nintendo Wii it is likely to be due to reputation and widespread promotion and awareness. Competitors will often try to combat an organisations product during its growth by releasing a similar product at a cheaper price. This will threaten to flatten the growth curve unless something is done to retaliate. In order to maintain a growth curve the organisation may have to lower prices to compete. When the product reaches its maturity phase it has achieved the optimum sales and profit. This is essentially the stage where repeat and loyal customers have been established. There will be heavy price competition from competitors and the market is generally stable. There will be short run booms due to certain augmented products being released but the product will typically begin its decline hereafter. Once a product has reached its decline it is nearly impossible to stop it. This stage is where the sales and profit slow down rapidly and most people who liked the product have already purchased it. It is of the discretion of the marketer whether they want to milk the product, which means withdrawing support of investment or promotions and try to get as much profit out of it as possible, or regenerate some sales by increasing advertising etc. The Nintendo Wii is in the maturity stage of the product life cycle. The product has been on the market for over two years and after a recent successful regeneration due to releases of Wii fit and fifa 10, the Wii will sit in the maturity stage until subsiding to a decline. New product development ‘A market characterised by dynamically continuous innovation tends to involve new products with a significant degree of innovation’ (Brassington and Pettit 2008 p. 387) an example of a market that is dynamically innovative is the Men’s razor market. Companies such as Gillette, Mach and Braun are always competing for the next best razor. These are continuously innovative companies as roughly every 6 months they seem to release a razor that is different from the previous one. It is however important that these new products still resemble a generic razor. Companies can put themselves at risks of alienating themselves within a market if a product is too distinct or complicated. This type of innovation definitely applies to Nintendo because they are always competing with Playstation and Xbox within the gamer market, The Nintendo Wii has was the most innovative console to date and Nintendo’s competitors are working harder than ever to combat irs success. Discontinuous innovation is by far the hardest and most sought after market to be in. Usually linked with entrepreneurship, companies strive to come up with the next big thing. This type of market requires a whole new learning experience from the customer as they are dealing with something entirely new. Marketers have to make the customers aware of the product and try to explain it before purchase. This is extremely hard to achieve because if the product seems too complicated the company is at risk of losing a large customer base. References Beth Snyder Bulik. Advertising Age. (Midwest region edition). Chicago: May 8, 2006. Vol. 77, Iss. 9; pg. 24, 1 pgs SEAN ONEILL. Kiplingers Personal Finance. Washington: Apr 2006. Vol. 60, Iss. 4; pg. 26 Daisuke Wakabayashi. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N. Y. : Nov 11, 2009. pg. B. 5 www. itfacts. biz (27/11/09) BRASSINGTON,F. , S. PETTITT, 2008, Principles of marketing fourth edition, Harlow, Pearson education www. wiitalk. co. uk/forums/general-wii-discussion/14866-demographics. html (02/12/09) http://www. polarismr. com/brand-audit. htm (03/12/09) http://www. incentivecentral. org/pdf/employee_engagement_study. pdf (03/12/09)

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essays

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essays Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Road sector constitutes a significant portion of substructure in India.An efficient route web is necessary for the state like India for national integrating and economic development. Road is the primary mean of transit which helps us in linking to different cities.Roads portion a large portion of transit of goods and services. India has a huge web of 3.3 million kilometer which is the 2nd largest route web in universe. Roadss involve in transporting approximately 61 % frieght and 85 % of the rider traffic. 66000 kilometer of main roads and freewaies carry about 40 % of route traffic. The authorities of India takes enterprises in the development of roads nad spends about about Rs.18000 crores ( US $ 4 billion ) . Roadss in Ranchi Ranchi is connected with 2 National Highways ( NH-23 A ; NH- 33 ) which cross it and NH-75 originates here. Lots of rural and urban route development procedures are traveling on in Ranchi with the aid of province authorities.Recently the province authorities with the support of NHDC has constituted a program to spread out the route connectivity of different territory central office to this capital metropolis with 4-lane main roads of international criterions. There are no local coach services available in Ranchi. For transposing from one topographic point to another 1 can engage or portion an Auto Rickshaw and taxis are besides available. Cycle jinrikisha are a more common manner to go for short distances. The metropolis has one State Bus Terminus where coachs are available for going to Bokaro steel metropolis, Jamshedpur, Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Alipurduar, Siliguri, Kolkata and Rourkela. The State Bus Terminus is located near the Ranchi Railway station.There are besides buses available for Kolkata, Banaras, Rourkela and metropoliss of other eastern provinces. Ratu Road is another Private Bus Terminus where coachs are available for finishs in Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. There has been a considerable development in Ranchi along the major regional linkages in a radial form in the yesteryear. Besides there has been a applaudable attempt in the recent old ages to better the pavement conditions of major roads and roads under Ranchi Municiple Corporation. The primary concern in is decongestion, Mass theodolite system, betterment of the traffic velocity, betterment of route gears, canalisation of traffic, traffic subject, to provide to the ever-increasing figure of vehicles in the metropolis, which is projected to be doubled by the following 5 old ages. Regional linkages Ranchi is good linked to other parts of the province and India, by Road, Rail A ; Air. NH-23 connects the metropolis in south-western way to Chattisgarh. NH-33 which passes through Ranchi metropolis, linking in north to Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and farther to UP and Delhi, in south-east to Jamshedpur, Orissa A ; Kolkata. NH-75 connects the metropolis in West to the western portion of the province and farther to Bombay. Road Network in the metropolis Ranchi has developed well along with all major roads and other regional linkages in the past old ages. The commercial activity preponderantly have developed along the north-south Main Road which is the major arteria of the metropolis, get downing at the Upper Bazar at north-west, Administrative offices at north, Commercial Centres along the cardinal spinal column, Administrative office at the South A ; south-east, climaxing to self sufficient Industrial Area ( HEC, HSL ) at the south-west terminal as seen on the Proposed Master Plan of Ranchi -1983, by Ranchi Ruaral Development Authority ( RRDA ) . A Traffic Volume Count Survey has been conducted in the metropolis in different locations to understand the Characteristics of the traffic at critical locations. Understanding of land usage and route denseness is really necessary to take farther stairss towards development. It helps us in happening out the chief jobs and troubles which common people is enduring from this heavy traffic movemnt and their congestion.The traffic velocity on the Main Road is really slow peculiarly during the peak hours as per the study. The breadth of the chief arteria and roads in the metropolis is 10 to 25 metres and the breadth of other major roads is 5 to 10 metres. The country of the metropolis is 173 Sq.Km, and in 1981 the route length per 1000 population in Ranchi was 0.26 kilometer merely and the route length per 100 sq. kilometer. of country it is 72.53 Kms. Till 2008 Ranchi has sum of 569 Km route length. The 14 roads identified as chief traffic transporting corridors by PWD has a entire length of 94 Km, construct amp ; maintained by PWD. The remainder 475 kilometer roads constitute the sub-arterial and colony roads, construct amp ; maintained by RMC. The entire 470km roads maintained by RMC constitute of 346 kilometers roads as pucca roads, Out of which 32 kilometer WBM, 62 kilometers are bituminous A ; 252 kilometers are concrete top. 124 km roads are kuccha building, out of which merely 29 kilometers are motor able and 90 kilometers are non-motorable. Types of Roads History for ( in % ) Pucca with WBM 7 Pucca Bituminous 13 Pucca concrete 55 Kuchcha Motorable 6 Kuchcha Non-motorable 19 From above pie chart it can be derived as: Largely the roads in Ranchi are formed of concrete and are for good constructed. About 75 % of roads are in good status and are distributed as pucca concrete, pucca Bituminous, pucca with WBM. Remaning 25 % of route is referred as kuccha roads which is separated as motorable and non- motorable. Major Roadss in Ranchi H.B. Road ( Hazaribagh Road ) Old H.B Road Round Road Mahatma Gandhi /Main Road Purulia Road Kankee Road Ratu Road Indrapuri Road Bariatu Road HEC Ratu Bypass Road Club Road Church Road Major Intersections in Ranchi Kutchery Firayalal ( Albert Ekka ) Medical ( RMCH ) Kokar Lalpur Karamtoli Kantatoli Booty More BIT More Birsa Chowk Pandra Piska more Dangratoli Chowk Argora Sahjanand Chowk Harmu Bypass Hinoo more Doranda Russian Hotel Dhurwa Chandni Chowk Bus Terminus in Ranchi Birsa Bus Terminus ( Khadgada ) Ratu Road Bus Stand State Transport Bus Terminal ( Overbridge ) Major corridors of the metropolis: S.No. From To Length ( in kilometer ) 1. Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 0.3 2. Firayalal Chowk Kantatoli Chowk 3 3. Firayalal Chowk Rajendra Chowk 4.2 4. Railway Station Kantatoli Chowk 2.7 5. Railway Station Argora Chowk 3.6 6. Rajendra Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.6 7. Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk 3.2 8. Birsa Chowk Hatia 5.7 9. Birsa Chowk Tipudana 7.4 10. Birsa Chowk Argora Chowk 3.4 11. Argora Chowk Ratu Road 4.5 12 Piska More Lalgutua 5 13. Piska More Lohardaga Road 6 14. Piska More Ratu Road 2 15. Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1.2 16. Shaheed Chowk Ratu Road 1.4 17. Kachahri Karam Toli 1.2 18. Kachahri Ratu Road 1 19. Karam Toli Booty More 6.3 20. Booty More Kantatoli Chowk 5.4 21. Kantatoli Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.8 Entire 78.9 Condition of Roads in Ranchi Though the chief streets of the metropolis are in satisfactory status as the broadening and strengthening of these roads has been done late, the absence of other substructure viz. pathwaies, route marker, rotary, inveighing etc. leads to decrease in traffic velocity. Merely 50 % of major roads have drainage construct along the sides. The inside settlement roads have chuckholes and without proper drainage system along the sides. The kuccha roads on the peripheries are in a really bad province. Growth of vehicles in Ranchi In twelvemonth 1990-2001, the figure of auto-rickshaws is 19.15 per 1000 population, while rhythm jinrikishas are recorded as 23.5 per 1000 population. In the twelvemonth 2008 the figure of car jinrikisha is 26.15 per 1000 population. The enrollment records of the Regional Transport Authority, Ranchi indicate that the enrollment of motorised vehicles, both public and private has increased by 224 % between 1990-01 and 2001-2008 due to big industrial growing in this period, nevertheless the growing has reduced to 63 % between 1990-91 to 2000-01, farther it is expected to turn at non less than 100 % boulder clay 2021. The metropolis shows an increasing tendency in the usage of two-wheelers like scooters, bikes and mopeds etc. The metropolis s transit demand is mostly met by the undermentioned manners of conveyance. Traffic Flows and Travel Demand Major transit issue faced is the legion commuters acquiring into the Central Business District ( CBD ) country from its environing through a high capacity radial web into the dense nucleus country, which is unable to accept the inflow of these flows taking to traffic bottlenecks. Top out hr flows on major traffic corridors is more than 8000 rider auto units ( PCUs ) , farther due to assorted traffic conditions and deficiency of subject, the lane capacity is well reduced. The extremum travel ( traffic ) clip as derived from traffic volumes counts on major roads and supplemented by the available primary informations for different of import traffic corridors is 10-11 AM and 5-6 PM. Peak Hours Traffic Data on Major Roads / Intersections S.No. JUNCTION ROAD Peak hour. In PCU s In Nos. 1 Argora Chowk Dibdih 1000-1100 1705 1912 2 Argora Chowk Old Argora Chowk 1400-1500 2683 3386 3 Argora Chowk Harmu 1800-1900 10595 6624 4 Argora Chowk Ashoka Nagar 1400-1500 217 3166 5 Birsa Chowk HEC 1700-1800 3761 3677 6 Birsa Chowk Hatia 1800-1900 3179 2412 7 Birsa Chowk Hinoo 1800-1900 3193 4550 8 Booti More Bariyatu 1800-1900 2792 1433 9 Booti More BIT Road 1300-1400 4450 2634 10 Booti More Kokar 1700-1800 5013 2822 11 Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1400-1500 3859 3608 12 Firayalal Chowk Link tank route 1800-1900 3917 3886 13 Firayalal Chowk Lalpur Chowk 0900-1000 8199 8334 14 Firayalal Chowk Main Road 1400-1500 7690 6391 15 Kantatoli Chowk Dangratoli Chowk 1400-1500 6589 5128 16 Kantatoli Chowk H.B Road 1300-1400 3118 2770 17 Kantatoli Chowk Tata Road 1100-1200 3986 1559 18 Kantatoli Chowk Bahu Bazar 1100-1200 3017 3613 19 Kantatoli Chowk Firayalal Chowk 0900-1000 2737 2782 20 Kantatoli Chowk Mission Chowk 1400-1500 1532 1215 21 Kantatoli Chowk Sujata Chowk 1300-1400 2909 2988 22 Karam Toli Chowk Sainik theatre 0900-1000 1353 1432 23 Karam Toli Chowk Tagore hill 0800-0900 2072 2079 24 Karam Toli Chowk Bariyatu 1000-1100 2263 2246 25 Karam Toli Chowk Aadiwasi hostel 0800-0900 2585 2545 26 Kachahri Chowk Ratu Road 0900-1000 4269 3661 27 Kachahri Chowk Radium Road 1700-1800 2071 2170 28 Kachahri Chowk Lalpur Chowk 2100-2200 6233 1830 29 Kachahri Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1100-1200 3839 1817 30 Namkum Chowk Ranchi 1400-1500 2364 1558 31 Namkum Chowk Ghagra 0800-0900 1706 1368 32 Namkum Chowk Tata route 1800-1900 2237 1785 33 Piska More Ratu 0800-0900 3751 2851 34 Piska More Pandra 1700-1800 2883 3148 35 Piska More ITI route 0800-0900 2383 1478 36 Railway Station Bus Stand 0900-1000 3000 2804 37 Railway Station Bahu Bazar 1000-1100 2389 2452 38 Railway Station Railway Station 0900-1000 2479 2486 39 Railway Station Over Bridge 1600-1700 763 716 40 Rajendra Chowk Nibarampur 1200-1300 2692 1505 41 Rajendra Chowk Doranda 0900-1000 4375 3124 42 Rajendra Chowk Hinoo 1700-1800 3062 3131 43 Rajendra Chowk Over span 0800-0900 2778 1817 44 Ratu route Chowk Piska 1100-1200 4097 3495 45 Ratu route Chowk Raj Bhavan 1000-1100 1578 2000 46 Ratu route Chowk Kachahri 0800-0900 5089 4053 47 Ratu route Chowk Harmu 1000-1100 2384 2478 48 Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1600-1700 1418 1458 49 Shaheed Chowk Firayalal 1000-1100 5228 5194 50 Shaheed Chowk Pustak 0800-0900 2204 1881 51 Shaheed Chowk Kotwali 1000-1100 2119 2228 Significant external-to-external flows across the nucleus country are prevalent in the metropolis in absence of by-pass roads. This has resulted in the decrease of mean velocities of the vehicles. The present mean velocity is merely approximately 10 kilometers per hr during extremum hours, and it is still likely to cut down if there is no betterment in the state of affairs. Important Land Marks Albert Ekka Chowk Shaheed Chowk Argora Chowk Harmoo Chowk Booty More Kanta Toli Chowk Over Bridge, Nibaranpur Over Bridge, Kadru Rly Over Pass, BM Rajpath, Dibdih Boubazar Chowk Club Chowk Vivekanand Chowk Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk HEC Golchakker Dhurwa more Morabadi Maidan Hinoo Chowk AG More Kutchery Chowk Ratan Talking pictures Fun Castle ( Ratu ) Hesag Karamtoli Chowk Chiraundi Lalpur Chowk Namkum Chowk ( Army Base ) Kali Nagar ( Tea Garden, Namkum ) Sadabahar Chowk Kokar Chowk Hatia Ranchi Express ( Upper Bazar ) Chandni Chowk ( Kanke Road ) Gandhi Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Jawahar Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Karbala Chowk ( Church route ) Bariatu Chowk Ratu park Piska More Ratu Road Daily Trip, Composition Sing the entire trips generated in the Ranchi metropolis it can be stated that approximately two trips per individual are made day-to-day that is one unit of ammunition trip per individual per twenty-four hours. At the metropolis degree, day-to-day trip rate per house clasp in Ranchi metropolis is about 10.35 and mean day-to-day trip rate per individual ( PCTR ) is about 2.25 which include trips undertaken by walking. Average Daily Trip Rate per Person and per Family Average Daily Trip Rate Work Education Others Total Per Person 0.73 0.92 0.60 2.25 Per Household 3.42 4.16 2.77 10.35 In the metropolis, the work and instruction trips together account for approximately 73 % of the entire day-to-day trips while the remainder of the trips are made for other intents like shopping, diversion, societal and medical intents. A big proportion of the day-to-day trips autumn in the instruction class. The distribution of the trips by intent is closely linked with the employment position and the age construction of the population. . Majority of low income group individuals in Ranchi either walk or usage rhythms, for which they do non hold to pay. In Ranchi about 30 per cent of the entire demand is met by travel on pes, 24 per cent by twowheelers, 12 per cent by rhythms and office/ factory/ school coachs besides play an of import function by transporting 12 per cent of the day-to-day riders. Model split in Ranchi Types of Vehicles Entire in no. Entire in % Bullock Cart 1722 2 Two Wheeler 39310 26 Three Wheeler/Auto Rickshaw 21962 15 Car/Jeep/Van/Taxi 25398 17 Buss 4982 3 LCV 8056 6 Trucks 3350 3 Cycle 20375 14 Cycle Rickshaw 20528 14 From the above theoretical account split of vehicles in Ranchi followerss can be derived: 28 % of the traffic constitutes of bullock cart, rhythm, rhythm jinrikishas.So chiefly the parity theodolite manners are used by the populace for motion from one topographic point to another. It creates job for the motion of heavy vehicles in the roads as the velocity of the traffic motion lessenings and therefore it reduces the efficiency of the route conveyance in the metropolis. Merely 12 % heavy vehicles are runing in the metropolis. Lesser figure of Bus / Minibus ( i.e. Mass Transit System ) are used for transit and besides trucks which are used for the logistics motion counts less in figure. Due to non-availability and inefficiency of MTS and inconvenient Public Transport, there is increased figure of two Wheelers in the metropolis. 41 % of the entire vehicle count is occupied by two-three Wheelers which increases the pollution degree and increased traffic undiscipline on roads. Car/Jeep/Taxis/Van are besides used as the transit medium by the public.It histories for 17 % of the entire traffic motion in the metropolis. Recent Developments of Roads in Ranchi Consideration of Ranchi Ring Road ( RRR ) It has been proposed by the Ranchi municipal corporation to keep good substructure installations at Ranchi.For this thing Ranchii authorities has identified some major roads development in the city.The status of the roads in Ranchi is non good and roads are really efficient and largely are individual laned. So it increases the traffic congestion at chief topographic points in the markets and therefore reduces the traffic motion from one topographic point to another. The Ranchi municipal corporation proposes to develop a to the full modern system for safe and efficient motion of traffic. As a first measure, it is decided to take up the development of Ranchi Ring Road. This will be a 85 Km long six lane dual carriageway installation running along the suburb s of Ranchi and supplying bye-pass installations to National Highways, State Highways, other roads, soon running through the Ranchi City. The chief roads emanating from Ranchi metropolis are: Ranchi Ramgarh Hazaribagh ( NH33 ) Ranchi Purulia Ranchi Jamshedpur ( NH33 ) Ranchi Chaibasa Tata Nagar Ranchi Lodhma Kera Rourkela Ranchi Gumla Rourkela ( NH23 ) Ranchi Daltenganj ( NH75 ) and Ranchi Pithauria Patratu The strength of traffic on these roads has increased manifolds doing considerable hold in travel clip and incommodiousness to the intercity traffic. In the first phase, the province authorities would set about the building work of linking the province capital s outskirts Kathi Tand ( near Ratu on Ranchi-Daltonganj main road ) and Karma ( on Ranchi-Ramgarh route ) . It would assist cut down the force per unit area of heavy vehicles on the streets of the province capital. To enable congestion free intra-city traffic motion, supply unhampered motion to the traffic destined to other Stationss, aid in making pollution free environments and supply chief entree to Greater Ranchi, there is an pressing demand to develop this Ranchi Ring Road along the urban fringe of metropolis in the first phase.This besides forms portion of the State Government s policy of harmonizing precedence for the development and betterment of the conveyance sector in the province. In the original specifications, two overpasss were proposed at Kathi Tand ( which comes under NH-75 on Ranchi-Daltonganj stretch ) and at Karma ( NH-33 ) . The province authorities can set about the overpass undertaking merely after acquiring clearance from the Union ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Seven class separated intersections by manner of 6 overpasss and one elevated cross route have been proposed at the undermentioned intersections: 1. Section I Vikas on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 2. Section II Tati silwai on SH ( Flyover ) 3. Section III Rampur on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 4. Section IV Tipudana on SH ( Flyover ) 5. Section V Lalgutua on NH-23 ( Flyover ) 6. Section VI Kathiatar on NH-75 ( Elevated Cross Road ) 7. Section VII Kanke Pithauria Road ( Flyover ) 16 Underpasss have been proposed beneath a class separated construction to transport one or more watercourse of traffic. There are 2, 7, 1, 1, 0, 0, and 5 subwaies for Section I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII severally. Road Rail Crossings: As per the demand of the employer, route over Bridgess ( ROBs ) on two railroad crossings in Section II and one in Section IV have been provided. Similarly one route under span on Railway traversing in Section V has been proposed in position of railroad line running on high embankments. Issues a. The demand for urban conveyance in Ranchi metropolis is projected to be about dual by the twelvemonth 2011. B. Lack of Mass Transit System. Cycle-rickshaws and auto-rickshaws are therefore the prevailing manners of public conveyance. The entire portion of public conveyance is 0 % against the lower limit desired 80 % portion for Ranchi, as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development, GoI in 1988. This is desired for effectual traffic direction. c.Two-wheelers like scooter, bike and moped are the most widely used individualized manner of conveyance, which increase the traffic denseness on the roads and due to high maneuverability they add to indiscipline amp ; occasional the traffic blockages / jams. d. The present public conveyance ( IPTs ) is found to be unequal and disappointing chiefly due to their high cost, hapless service, uncomfortableness caused by over embarkation, slow velocity, pollution and indiscriminate arrests to function passengers.. e. The velocity of the traffic on most of the inner-city roads is governed by the velocity of the jinrikisha ensuing in congestion and really low mean journey velocities, every bit low as 10 kmph. f. Considerable holds at intersections due to non-standard constellations, and increased struggles. g. Indiscriminate parking by dwellers and general deficit of parking infinites. h. Increasing volumes of three wheeled car jinrikishas making extra jobs due to their maneuverability, Road Safety A ; Congestion i. Pathway Most of roads inside the metropolis have no defined pathwaies. In most of the instances the route heart terminates suddenly to Earth, someplace to constructed shoulder. In countries such as chief roads with commercial constitutions the route heart is continued to the next stores or boundary. The building of concrete paving by single store proprietors are witnessed on secondary roads. two. Road Side Railing A ; Curb Stones The route side railings spliting the route from pathwaies and service lanes is virtually absent in the full metropolis. One can come in the route at any point straight from the store, abode or other constitutions. The deficiency of kerb rocks and deficiency of raised sideways or pathway along the roads, consequences in use of full right of manner by traffic motion, and the unguided prosaic therefore ends up devouring infinite on the route three. Divider, Railing A few of Arteries in the metropolis are provided with splitter, the Main Road go throughing through the commercial hub of the metropolis is provided with splitter with inveighing over it, but due to legion punctures in to the railing, prosaic can be found traversing the route virtually at any location. four. Para Transit Auto Stops It is a general pattern in the metropolis to park the lone bing public conveyance manner, the cars on the route, really near to the intersections. This consequences in decrease of effectual clear route breadth at the intersections, therefore join forcesing to the traffic congestion at the intersection. v. Road Painting A ; Zebra Crossing Except chief arterias all other roads have no route line picture. The defined Zebra crossing even at signalized intersections are losing, ensuing in unguided crossing walker, the absence of arrest line at intersections once more provide purchase to go against traffic regulations. six. Signalization The signalized intersections in the metropolis are really rare. A few of the intersections have manned traffic monitoring, which raise serious concern over the safety of the traffic constabulary, standing at center of the traffic, unprotected and without any base. A really few of the intersections have signal visible radiations with timer show, which is a must in such instance of heterogenous traffic. The queuing witnessed at the peak times at the Main Road in the chief market has been about 20 autos in a row. The manned intersections rhythm clip varies from 15 sec. to 4 min. seven. Traffic Jam, Congestion A ; Traffic velocity The traffic jam witnessed at the extremum hours in the commercial hubs were chiefly due to unorganised and hap risky motion of jinrikisha A ; other vehicles at the intersections, where everybody is caught at the Centre with no infinite to maneuver the vehicle to do infinite to unclutter the jam. The weaving of jinrikisha, heterogenous traffic, traffic regulation misdemeanor, bottlenecks all such issues result in congestion and deceleration of the traffic. Bottle cervixs As per the reconnaissance study of the metropolis by experts, the identified bottle cervixs in the metropolis preponderantly lies in the Station country ( Railway Station and Birsa Munda coach base ) , Main market are ( Main Road ) , Sweeping market ( Upper Bazar ) . The primary causes of such constrictions are as follows: a. Varying carriageway of roads in the Main market country, lesser transporting capacity ( two lane route with heterogenous traffic ) in Upper Bazar. b. Invasion by the retail stores along the streets, by puting billboards, containers A ; show in the full metropolis is prevailing and constitutes to the traffic congestion. c. Unauthorized parking along the roads is another ground for decrease of effectual route breadth curtailing the smooth traffic flow. d. Almost all the intersection inside the metropolis are flanked with Auto ( metropolis conveyance ) , sellers right at the intersection and really near to the intersection. e. Due to the absence of clear and defined prosaic waies along the chief streets, the prosaic tend to utilize about one full lane for transposing. Institutional Duty Multiple bureaus are involved in back uping and easing traffic and transit mechanism in Ranchi. Provision of route substructure is done by RMC, PWD A ; NHAI. The traffic ordinance has been the duty of the traffic constabulary section. No individual bureau is entirely responsible and accountable for traffic and conveyance direction. This is giving rise to overlapping of maps and spacial and functional atomization Schemes a. Encouraging displacement towards a Mass Transit System and minimising the usage of individualized vehicles. For case, as per the modal split degrees recommended by the Central Institute of Road Research, 30 % to 40 % of the riders trips should be carried by mass theodolite ( coach ) in medium size metropoliss holding population between 1 and 2 million. Ranchi metropolis requires a wise combination of coach service and IPT service for minimising the usage of individualized manners B. High capacity coach service to link major establishment, infirmaries capital metropolis, station, airdrome and industrial country. c. Options for Mass Transit System for the Ranchi City like Mini Bus shuttle service for thoroughfare traffic as immediate step. d. Improvement of all major arterias, i.e. widening A ; strengthening of paving building of pathwaies, railings, street lamps, drainage, average, shoulder, route picture, route signage, beef uping of culverts etc as applicable. e. Proper geometric design of rotary and island at Intersections. Based on traffic volume and infinite handiness integrating signalisation, zebra crossing. f. Provision of automatic signal system, based on traffic volume where is infinite is a restraint for big size traffic circle. Cycle clip of traffic visible radiations to be fixed utilizing computing machine simulation with regard to traffic velocity, flow and line uping length. g. Identifying Missing Linkss: A Inner Ring Road to be built by building a new route links between Kanke Road to Ratu Road farther to Argora Chowk, another route nexus between Hinoo Chowk to Namkum Chowk. h. Road infinite direction by curtailing usage of route infinite by heavy vehicles and private motor autos in engorged cardinal countries during haste hours. I. Supplying authorised parking infinites at high demand countries in order to cut down invasion on roads by unauthorised parking. J. Facilitating smooth flow of traffic through steps such as traffic signals and marks, one-way streets and velocity control with accent on enforcement of traffic ordinances. k. Road safety and pollution control checks including the review of fittingness of vehicles every bit good as preparation and testing of the IPT drivers. l. Providing installations for prosaic and rhythm travel is a must for Ranchi metropolis. These manners of travel are cost-efficient, do non necessitate fuel and make non take to air or noise pollution. MAP OF RANCHI SHOWING THE ROADS AND ITS CONNECTIVITY Road Network Map of Ranchi

Free Essays on Jazz Analysis Paper

â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step† and â€Å"Dippermouth Blues† are two recordings that are from the 1920s yet have remarkable differences between the two. The differences could stem from a variety of reasons such as differences in the ethnicity of the musicians and the artists that influenced the bands. â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step† was recorded in February 1917 by The Original Dixieland Jazz Band. The band features Nick LaRocca on cornet, Larry Shields on Clarinet, Eddie Edwards on trombone, Henry Ragas on piano, and Tony Spargo on drums. The band members were all anglo-saxon men who were from New Orleans but met in Chicago. The â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step† is a very fast and almost frantic song performed in a rag style. The drummer plays a boom-chick feel in many parts of the song but also plays the bass drum only on the down beats and uses wood blocks and cowbells for added percussion. The song was originally created by all the musicians improvising their individual parts and once it was written, the song was always played the same way. There are no long improvised solos in this piece. The instruments have very specific roles in this tune. The trombonist plays in the tailgate style, trying to make up for the lack of a bass player. The pianist franticly plays the chords to the song. The clarinet plays obbligato to the melody and handles the stop time fills while the cornet plays the actual melody. The song’s form is very repetitive and there is little difference between the repeats of sections. â€Å"Dippermouth Blues† is very different from â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step†. The instrument featured are the piano, trombone, trumpet, two cornets, bass, and drums. Two of the more obvious differences in the band are the woman piano player and all band members being of african-american descent. The most obvious differences in the songs are the form (this song is a 12 bar blues) and the time (this song is in 4/4). Some... Free Essays on Jazz Analysis Paper Free Essays on Jazz Analysis Paper â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step† and â€Å"Dippermouth Blues† are two recordings that are from the 1920s yet have remarkable differences between the two. The differences could stem from a variety of reasons such as differences in the ethnicity of the musicians and the artists that influenced the bands. â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step† was recorded in February 1917 by The Original Dixieland Jazz Band. The band features Nick LaRocca on cornet, Larry Shields on Clarinet, Eddie Edwards on trombone, Henry Ragas on piano, and Tony Spargo on drums. The band members were all anglo-saxon men who were from New Orleans but met in Chicago. The â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step† is a very fast and almost frantic song performed in a rag style. The drummer plays a boom-chick feel in many parts of the song but also plays the bass drum only on the down beats and uses wood blocks and cowbells for added percussion. The song was originally created by all the musicians improvising their individual parts and once it was written, the song was always played the same way. There are no long improvised solos in this piece. The instruments have very specific roles in this tune. The trombonist plays in the tailgate style, trying to make up for the lack of a bass player. The pianist franticly plays the chords to the song. The clarinet plays obbligato to the melody and handles the stop time fills while the cornet plays the actual melody. The song’s form is very repetitive and there is little difference between the repeats of sections. â€Å"Dippermouth Blues† is very different from â€Å"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step†. The instrument featured are the piano, trombone, trumpet, two cornets, bass, and drums. Two of the more obvious differences in the band are the woman piano player and all band members being of african-american descent. The most obvious differences in the songs are the form (this song is a 12 bar blues) and the time (this song is in 4/4). Some...

BSB 126 MARKETING PLAN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BSB 126 MARKETING PLAN - Assignment Example That is an advantage of the company. The company has an assurance that they can operate under minimum competition from any other company. The reason behind the lack of competition is that there few companies in New Zealand which works on the production of dairy products (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). The Company may have several weaknesses since there are many dairy farmers in New Zealand. The company may have a large quantity of milk delivered by the farmers. Therefore, there is the likelihood of the company producing a lot of butter. The consumers of the butter may, therefore, be few despite the company lacking many competitors (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). New Zealand has less number of producers of the butter. That is a significant opportunity for the company since there are few competitors. New Zealand has a large population who can be the users of the company’s product (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). The Company mighty experience various risks. One of the possible risks the company may experience is an emergency of a new competitor in the market. The second threat the company must be ready about is the market. The market at some time may be down; the prices might fall following the lack of demand for the product. Last threat the company has is a lack of suppliers of raw milk especially during dry seasons (Lewis Road Creamery, 2012). The Company’s target customers are the citizens of all over the country and outside the country. Therefore, every citizen of New Zealand is the target consumer of butter. The company should deploy several methodologies to reach the target customers. The steps that the company must follow include; Identify the consumers of the product (butter) is first and most crucial step the company should take. The company should not believe that not everybody in New Zealand will be the consumer of the product. Mostly, the marketers think that everybody will be a customer of the product. That is not

BP Oil Spill Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BP Oil Spill - Research Paper Example The commissioners have shown their concern that if the oil washes up to the coast then the tourism industry will get destroyed and the city will have to suffer financial crisis. The Federal Government must introduce certain laws and policies that are in concern with the issue of oil spills. The company responsible for the oil spill must be held responsible of all the damage and destruction that has been resulted due to the oil spill. The financial loss that has been occurred due to the oil spill must be taken by the company who caused it. An oil spill cause a lot of damage to the marine and aquatic life and if this oil spill reaches the coast it destroys the beauty of the coast and causes great harm to the tourism industry of that country. The company should be made to pay the amount equal to the total loss that the country will have to suffer as a result of this. When an oil spill reaches the coast the fine sand, huts, other shops, malls, parks, walking tracks, etc. all are affected; this results in a great loss for the country. An oil spill does not instantly reach the coast; it takes almost a few days for an oil spill to spread out and reach the coast. However, the number of days it takes for the oil to reach the coast depends upon where the oil spillage has started. Once it comes to the knowledge of the city manager or commissioner that an oil spill is on its way to their coast they must take precautionary measures like vacate the beach, remove stalls and huts and those bodies that are not fixed so that they do not become the victim of oil spillage. The oil and gas company responsible for the spillage must be made responsible to pay the full cost of the spillage and for the restoration of the environment to its natural state. As well as the company would have to pay full compensation to those whose businesses have been affected by this disaster. A fine must also be imposed on the oil and

Twelve Angry Men Intros Essay Example for Free

Twelve Angry Men Intros Essay Set in the summer of 1957, Reginald Roses play, Twelve Angry Men, highlights the importance of speaking out for what is right. Rose demonstrates through characterisation that prejudice and preconceptions can conceal the truth. From the inception, Rose presents a biased jury who is convinced of the boys guilt based on preconceived notions. However it is through Juror 8, that Rose advocates that justice and fairness can prevail over prejudice if just one virtuous person is willing to speak out. Juror 8 is depicted as the epitome of a fair and conscientious juror who is prepared to stand alone in order to ensure a fair verdict is delivered. Although the other jurors initially lacked equity, they discover their inner voice through Juror 8 and are able to deliver a legitimate verdict. Twelve Angry Men demonstrates the weakness of the jury system. Do you agree? Reginald Roses play,Twelve Angry Men, highlights not only the fragility of the jury system, but also its strength. Rose presents to the audience that it is more by luck than legal support that the accused was acquitted, therefore implying that the jury system is flawed. Initially Rose presents a biased jury who is convinced of the boys guilt based on preconceived notions. This emphasises a major flaw of the jury system, being that prejudice can obscure the truth. In addition, the jurors votes are also influenced heavily by their own personal backgrounds. This is evident in Juror 3 and 10 especially. However it is through Juror 8s virtuous motives of finding a reasonable doubt that ensured a just verdict was delivered. Juror 8 was the only person able to look past personal prejudices from the beginning, and through perseverance was able to guide other fellow jurors to deliberate honestly and thoughtfully. Thus, Rose shows the audience that the jury system is capable of securing justice.

Latex Products In The Work Pla :: essays research papers

Over the last decade, many employees have developed allergies related to the use of latex. “The employees affected have mainly been found in healthcare, food services and in beauty services.'; As employees in these areas, as well as other areas have learned of the potential risk from the contraction of disease leading to death, caused by the exposure to bodily fluids, they have realized that the use of products to stop the exposure is absolutely essential. This has substantially increased and spread the use of latex products, mainly gloves. “The use of so many is very costly, so many employees turned to third world countries who produce a cheaper, untreated latex, which although it cannot be blamed alone for the development of latex allergies, does contribute to the problem.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The repeated use of latex in the work place can lead to allergies that affect the worker’s ability to function both at work and at home. “The allergies developed can result in degree from a minor irritation to an anaphylactic shock. Out of the many types of allergic reactions only two types, Type I and Type IV have been observed as being related to latex. Type IV reactions have proved to be a response to additives used by the manufacturer. They are uncomfortable, but not life threatening. This is the opposite of Type I reactions. Type I reactions are caused by an antibody called IgE which recognizes the cause of the allergy from previous exposure.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “The Type I allergens in latex products exist naturally. They remain in the latex during processing. Three proteins found to be involved with the latex allergies are Kd-14, Kd-20 and Kd-27. The proteins can be airborne through powder residue on the gloves, so they can be transmitted through the air. The proteins are also water-soluble. The reactions from Type I include eye, nose, and respiratory symptoms. If left untreated the reaction may be life threatening.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “The death count associated with Type I reactions up until 1995 is 16 due to latex.'; These deaths prove that the latex allergies that are being developed are a serious risk to employee health, and the matter needs to be dealt with seriously. Both employers and government need to take charge of the issue to ensure the safety of the employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The employer needs to provide policies and procedures to reduce the exposure to latex. Until recently latex gloves were the automatic protection worn by all employees dealing with people, or products for people, and in many places this is still the case.

Individual Behavior Essay

Individual behavior differs from person to person and most differences are based on the background of the individual. Some elements that can affect ones background to influence their individual behavior can include religion, age, occupation, values and attitude differences, gender, and even ethnicity. These individual behaviors can cause people to act differently to situations and can create friction or even chemistry in the work place. The age of a person can be a large factor in the way they behave. There are studies that prove maturity can come at different ages but in most cases maturity is something that is learned and grown into. Age in a work place can work against someone or for them. A young age can be a downfall if there is lack of maturity and experience and old age can be a downfall due to lack of energy or knowledge of new technologies. With that being said I think that it is important that age should not be the deciding factor as to how someone will act. There are many young people who have the maturity to carry many responsibilities and show good individual behavior. Some older individuals have adapted their behavior to fit more suitable into the technologies that have developed over the past few years. More and more people are on Facebook (www. facebook. com) than ever, and it is common to see individuals of all ages on the popular website. You can also find with age individuals depending on their age will have their priorities in different orders. The occupation of a person can also attribute to their individual behavior. For example say there is an individual who works in the public eye like a Senator or Congressman, they are going to be more careful for the things that they say and do because they will not wish the media to catch wind and bring them in a negative media down pour about the situation. When you work in the lime light you have to be cautious about your wording and your actions. There are many occupations that are not in the public eye that also has to think about their individual behavior and make sure that they set a good example because of their occupation. Take a teacher for example it is very important that they do not act in an bad individual behavior because it can have an affect on their job. For instant it would be bad to post pictures of yourself drunk to a popular social networking sight if you are a teacher because you are to be a role model and that is individual behavior that you should not wish your students to witness. Many professionals will maintain their professional behavior when they are dealing with their work and with their lives. Professional behavior usually consists of being calm and thinking your actions and words through before acting upon them. Many professionals also like to make educated guesses instead of sporadic leaps into new things. Many individuals will learn their professionalism from their occupation and it is something that they can carry over into their individual behavior. Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of life and the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a supernatural agency,[1] or human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, spiritual, or divine. [2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature (www. wikipedia. com). That definition alone can should one how religion could influence someone’s individual behavior. Unlike the other elements religion is something, for the most part, that can be chosen by the individual. A person can be brought up with religious beliefs, can adapt to the beliefs, and can even change their religious beliefs. A religion can have strict guidelines as to how their followers should behave some may even have diets or wardrobe requirements that can affect their individual behavior. Values can run hand in hand with religion on some basis. Many religions have a foundation on values and morals that their followers should abide by. When a situation occurs and a decision needs to be made you can understand a lot about a person by their individual behavior. It is usually the person’s values or morals that help them make the decision on what action to take when the situation presented itself. Attitudes about differences can affect ones individual behavior. Someone who is high strung can tend to have a little more dramatic attitudes about differences opposed to a laidback individual who has a peaceful nature and can tend to look at differences with a positive. When attitudes turn negative ones individual behavior can become defenseful, frightful, or even protective. In conclusion there are many parts that tie together to create an individual behavior and those behaviors can be influenced by many different elements. Although many individuals can have common elements in their background it is hard to find an individual behavior that is the exact same. Individual behavior can show a lot about the way a person was brought up, their beliefs, age, and even gender. It can show their religious beliefs or just their attitude but it is certain that one’s individual behavior is something that the individual chooses for their self. It is a way they like to act regarding to a situation.

Interpreted language Essay

Interpreted language can be vague, based upon cultural differences. However, language can be compiled or written which strictly distinguishes how language is spoken around the world. Language, in fact, is the foundation of every culture. Language is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. It includes: * Speech * Written characters * Numerals * Symbols * Gestures * Expression of nonverbal communication Clearly, languages reflect the priorities of a culture. Unlike some other elements of cultures, language permeates all parts of society. Nations vary dramatically in their tolerance for a variety of languages. By contrast, language structures our thinking and opinions. One step to creating better international understanding is to be conscientious about using language that accurately conveys what we mean. Language knows no political boundaries. Every place in the world has its own unique kind of people. Each member of a sub-cultural deserves respect, since they have their own mix of physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual assets to contribute. Geographically, language is correct in their area. However, in each of these locations, individuals have problems with accents, dialect, and speech rate such as stuttering. Language barrier tend to cause decline in productivity and frustration amongst the company, employees, and customers. Language (Cultural) difference cause barriers in the workplace and it can have a negative effect on the environment at the workplace. Due to growth in diversities in business, companies have to employ different cultures. Companies that fail to accommodate individuals are subject to discrimination lawsuits. Though companies set up different programs in order to combat this problem, cultural diversity continues to grow and issues continue. As organizations introduce diversity, the culture of the workplace will change. People make judgments based on what they already know of their own values and beliefs. When the unknown element is interjected, it causes confusion, fear, and chaos. This forces people to question themselves and defend their beliefs. When organizations increase diversity in the work environment, clashes occur amongst different cultures. Diversity brings in different perspectives, different approaches to problem solving, different visions, different languages, and different expectations. â€Å"Communications, in face-to-face exchanges as well as through company newsletters and training sessions, should be welcoming and should accentuate the positive effects of employing workers with varying talents and accomplishments† (Developing Diversity Initiatives, 1993). Organizations change as they become more diverse. Many changes will cause anger, frustration, and confusion. The introduction of cultural diversity, which includes different languages, causes organizations to go through five stages: * Anger – Workers will resist change and expect others to fit their norms and speak their language. * Passive Regression – People will become withdrawn. There will be little to no sharing of information, which is very important to be successful. * Chaos – Groups form and struggle to regain power. This when discrimination accusations begin to surface. * Reclamation- this where the bridge builders arrive. They bridge the gaps between the groups. Bridge builders can belong to any group, respect other positions, and have pride in their own cultural identities. It is the bridge builders who can act as a link between the groups * Celebration – This is the celebration of a new diverse culture. It is understood by everyone, that language and cultural diversity benefits everyone. The people are not â€Å"uptight† but comfortable and understanding of each other’s culture. This is the longest and most difficult stage for the groups to complete. There are steps that companies can take to prevent civil unrest within an organization. The following steps can be used to prevent confrontation and assist in creating a positive and productive environment: * Purpose – Develop a strong sense of purpose for the employees that transcend all differences including language. A common purpose will keep the working together for the common goal. By developing purpose, the organization is relaying the message that all the different groups and cultures are on the same team and are all one company. * Tell Stories – Stories help connect the groups. Through stories, different groups can relate to each other as people. Stories also give the groups a chance to voice its opinions and concerns. * Self Awareness – Companies should develop self awareness * Within the organization commonly, people are afraid of the unknown. By developing self-awareness, the organization forces the groups to face the unknown and to overcome their fears and insecurities. * Training Programs – Companies should implement training programs to teach the different groups to be culturally aware of one another. The programs should also include language courses to teach communication skills. â€Å"Organizations are adapting a number of approaches to overcome language barriers among employees† (Journal of Business, 2000). English is the universal language of business, and it is only one of several languages spoken in the United States. It is very important for organizations to create an environment where everyone, despite language spoken, is considered equal. Companies are offering training courses and providing translators to make everyone feel comfortable. As the population becomes more diverse and the traditional societies are becomes more mobile, companies are faced with cultural and language issues. It is up to the organization to make sure it is taking all the necessary steps to ensure that groups and cultures effectively work together and is productive. â€Å"Language does more than simply describe reality; it also serves to shape the reality of a culture†(Colorado Business Communication, 1991). Like other forms of language, nonverbal communication is not the same in all cultures. It can take many forms such as facial expressions and visual images to learn nonverbal communication from people who share our same culture. For instance, people with hearing loss communicate using sign language that is another way of communicating. Your signing hand is the hand you write and color with and your other hand is the helping hand. This technique found @ www.signlanguage.org is informative for nonverbal communication. Gesture, body posture, direction of attention, eye contact, level of conversation, and other behaviors are interpreted as signs of inclusion and exclusion. However, there are many layers of communicating further. Verbal language and body language signifies whether the line of interaction is conveyed and not a form of evasiveness. With the perception that English is the universal language, it is not always perceived by all nations or society as a whole. Those of us who do use English do so in spite of our ambiguity towards it, or perhaps because we can find in that linguistic struggle a reflection of other struggles taking place in the real world, struggle between the cultures within ourselves and the influences at work upon our societies. To conquer English may be to complete the process of making ourselves free. As relations grow in the workplace, the social interaction is not the same. For example, when Spanish-speaking employees interact with English-speaking employees some issues that formulate are: which language to speak or when to use an interpreter. In a social setting it is even harder when greeting and addressing people correctly. Thou not to provide a definitive answer to language as related to pronunciation, it is difficult to understand individuals whom speak English but with an accent. Often, individuals are asked repeatedly what is being said in order to convey what was said. Bahri (Language, 2003) states † Language as communication and as culture are then products of each other†¦ Language carries culture, and culture carries, particularly through orature and literature, the entire body of values by which we perceive ourselves and our place in the world†¦Language is thus inseparable from ourselves as community of human beings with a specific form and character, a specific history, a specific relationship to the work.† Language is a critical element of culture. Members of society generally share a common language, which facilitates day-to-day exchanges with others. There are many ways of communicating language in the workforce and, it is not the only way to show a line of interaction to work together but a way of social interaction. The work force is just one avenue to rectify the critical success for today’s employer when diversity by today’s standards is met. References Bahira, Depika (2003). Language. Retrieved April 28, 2004 from website: www.emory.edu/English Colorado Business Magazine, May 1991 v18 pg.37 (3) Duncan, Robert A. (1993). Developing Diversity Initiatives: Definition and Process. Retrieved April 28, 2004 from website: www.ed.gov/databases. Journal of Business Communication v33 pg. 48 Management Review, Dec 1998, pg. 42